MANFAAT SUPLEMENTASI VITAMIN C PADA KESEHATAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA

Authors

  • Yanuartono Yanuartono Universitas gadjah Mada
  • Alfarisa Nururrozi Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Indarjulianto Soedarmanto Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Dhasia Ramandani Departemen Teknologi Hayati dan Veteriner, Sekolah Vokasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20956/jitp.v9i1.10146

Keywords:

Key words, Vitamin C, ruminants, stress, diseases, supplementation

Abstract

Vitamin C is an important water-soluble vitamin that is needed by every living thing. Domestic animals, including ruminants, were capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid, primarily in the liver, therefore, vitamin C is not considered to be an essential nutrient for healthy ruminants. Nevertheless, in ruminants, vitamin C is important in biochemical reactions involving collagen cross-linking, hydroxylation of proline and lysine, and steroid and bile acid synthesis. However, in fact, Dietary vitamin C is extensively degraded in the rumen. Although ruminants are able to synthesize vitamin C, when ruminants experience stress and suffer from various diseases, vitamin C supplementation from outside is still needed to restore their health condition. Therefore, vitamin C supplements still have great benefits for optimizing their health conditions. This review discusses the effects of vitamin C and its supplementation on the health of ruminants.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Yanuartono Yanuartono, Universitas gadjah Mada

departemen Ilmu Penyakit dalam

Indarjulianto Soedarmanto, Universitas Gadjah Mada

departemen Ilmu Penyakit dalam

References

Daftar Pustaka

Abd-Allah, M. and A.I. Zanouny. 2014. Ameliorative Effect Of Ascorbic Acid Administration and Chilled Drinking Water on Ram Lambs Exposed to Heat Stress During Summer Season. Egyptian Journal of Sheep & Goat Sciences, 9 (3): 17- 28.

Abd-El-Rahman, H.M.A., M.A. Ibrahim, R.M.A. Dohreig, and H.A.E. Asfour. 2015. The Relation Between Oxidative Status, Milk Quality and Conception Rate in Dairy Goats Supplemented with Vitamin C. Assiut Vet. Med. J., 61(145): 257-269.

Al-Autaish, H.H.N. 2019. The influence of vitamin C deficiency on dermatosis in neonatal dairy calves. Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences, 10 (1): 47-55.

Al-Azzawi, S.H., R.I. Khalil, and Z.I. Mohammed. 2017. Effect Of Vitamin C Administration on Heat Tolerance of Local and Turkish Awassi Sheep in Diyala Province of Iraq. Bas.J.Vet.Res., 16 (1): 288-297. Doi : 10.23975/bjvet.2017.2701

Amir, A., B.P. Purwanto, and I.G. Permana. 2017. Thermoregulation Response of Dairy Cows on Different Energy Content. JITP. 5 (2): 72-79.

Anoushepour, A., M. Sakha, and P. Mortazavi. 2013. A clinical case: vitamin C-responsive dermatosis in a Holstein native cross bull calf. Turk J Vet Anim Sci., 37(2): 234-237.doi:10.3906/vet-1112-4

Ayo, J.O., N.S. Minka, and M. Mamman. 2006. Excitability scores of goats administered ascorbic acid and transported during hot-dry conditions. J Vet Sci., 7(2):127–131. doi:10.4142/jvs.2006.7.2.127

Babe, A.A. 2011. Effect of vitamin C on haematology and serum biochemistry in heat-stressed sheep. Roavs. 1(11): 731-733.

Basu, T.K. and C.J. Schorah, 1982. Vitamin C in health and disease, London and Canberra: Croom Helm.

Bendich, A. 1993. Symposium: Antioxidants. Immune Response. and Animal Function Physiological Role of Antioxidants In the Immune System. J Dairy Sci., 76 (9):2789-2794. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77617-1.

Bendich, A., L.J. Machlin, O. Scandurra, G.W. Burton, and D.D.M. Wayner. 1986. The antioxidant role of vitamin C. Advances in Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2(2):419-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8755-9668(86)80021-7

Biobaku, K.T., T.O. Omobowale, A.O. Akeem, A. Aremu, N. Okwelum, and A.S. Adah. 2018. Use of goat interleukin-6, cortisol, and some biomarkers to evaluate clinical suitability of two routes of ascorbic acid administration in transportation stress. Vet World. 11(5):674–680. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2018.674-680

Biobaku, K.T., B.M. Agaie, and A. Aremu. 2017. Evaluating Stress Amelioration of Oral Vitamin C in Bucks Exposed to Long Term Road Transportation and Stocking. Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 15 (1): 33-38

Carpenter, K.J. 1986. The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1986.

Carr, A.C. and Maggini, S. 2017. Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients. 9(11):1211. doi:10.3390/nu9111211

Chaiyotwittayakun, A., R.J. Erskine, P.C. Bartlett, T.H. Herd, P.M. Sears, and R.J. Harmont. 2002. The effect of ascorbic acid and L-histidine therapy on acute mammary inflammation in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 85(1):60-67. DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74053-8

Combs, G.F. 2008. Vitamin C. In: Combs GF, editor. The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health, third edition. Academic Press; San Diego, CA, USA: pp. 235–263.

Cook, J.D. and M.B. Reddy. 2001. Effect of ascorbic acid intake on nonheme-iron absorption from a complete diet 1,2. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 73(1):93-98 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.1.93

Cummins, K.A. and C.J. Brunner 1991. Effect of calf housing on plasma ascorbate and endocrine and immune function. J. Dairy Sci., 74(5): 1582–1588. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78320-3.

Cummins, K.A. 1992. Ascorbate in cattle: A review. Prof. Anim. Sci. 8(1):22-29. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)32101-X

Daykin, P.W. 1960. Veterinary applied pharmacology and therapeutics. London: Bailliere Tindall and Cassell. pp. 619–621.

de Rodas, B.Z., C.V. Maxwell, M.E. Davis, S. Mandali, E. Broekman, and B.J. Stoecker. 1998. L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate as a vitamin C source for segregated and conventionally weaned pigs. J Anim Sci., 76 (6):1636-1643. doi: 10.2527/1998.7661636x.

Duncan, C.W., C.F. Huffman, R. Mitchell, Jr., and J.T. Reid. 1944. Symptom of scurvy observed in a herd of cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 24:636

Duncan, C.W. 1944. Studies on the influence of ascorbic acid in calves with scurvy. J. Dairy Sci., 27:636.

Eberhard, K., P. Kronhusen, B. Harry, and M.D. Demopoulos. 1989. Formula for life, William Marrow and Co. New York, pp: 96-102.

El-Ishaq, A. and S. Obirinakem. 2015. Effect of Temperature and Storage on Vitamin C Content in Fruits Juice. International Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Science. 1(2): 17-21

Fahimi, N., A.R. Sardarian, and M. Kazemnejadi. 2016. Vitamin C as a green and efficient catalyst in synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives at room temperature. Iranian Journal of Catalysis 6(2):161-166.

Fediuk, K. 2000. Vitamin C in the Inuit diet: past and present. MA Thesis, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University. Montreal, Canada

Fediuk K., N. Hidiroglou, R. Madère, and H.V. Kuhnlein. 2002. Vitamin C in Inuit Traditional Food and Women's Diets. J Food Comp Anal.,15(3):221–235. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfca.2002.1053

Finn, F.M. and P.A. Johns. 1980. Ascorbic acid transport by isolated bovine adrenal cortical cells. Endocrinology, 106 (3): 811–817. doi: 10.1210/endo-106-3-811.

Frei, B., L. England, and B.N. Ames. 1989. Ascorbate as an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:6377-6381.

Ganaie, A.H., O.K. Hooda, S.V. Singh, Ashutosh, and R. C. Upadhyay. 2013. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on immune status and oxidative stress in pregnant Murrah buffaloes during thermal stress. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 83 (6): 649–655.

Grosso, G., R. Bei, A. Mistretta, S. Marventano, G. Calabrese, L. Masuelli, M.G. Giganti, A. Modesti, F. Galvano, and D. Gazzolo. 2013. Effects of Vitamin C on health: a review of evidence. Front Biosci. 18 (3):1017-1029. DOI: 10.2741/4160

Gupta, D., M. Ashutosh, G. Kashyap, M. Punetha, Ashutosh, B. Patel, I. Para, and M. Ahirwar. 2018. Seasonal Effect of Vitamin C, Electrolyte and Jaggery Supplementation on Body Weight of Goats Transported at Different Flocking Density. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(4): 1761-1768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.200

Gupta, V.K., A. Kumar, and S.D. Sharma. 1999. Plasma ascorbic acid in healthy and subclinical mastitic goats. Indian J Vet Med, 19: 83–85.

Haytowitz, D.B. 1995. Information from USDA’s Nutrient Data Bank. J Nutr 125:1952–1955.

Hediger, M.A. 2002. New view at vitamin C. Nat Med. 8 (5):445–446. doi: 10.1038/nm0502-445.

Hemingway, D.C. 1991. Vitamin C in the prevention of neonatal calf diarrhea. Can. Vet. J. 32(2):184.

Hidiroglou, M. 1999. Technical Note: Forms and Route of Vitamin C Supplementation for Cows. J Dairy Sci., 82 (8):1831–1833. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75414-7.

Hidiroglou, M., T.R. Batra, and X. Zhao. 1997. Comparison of vitamin C bioavailability after multiple or single oral dosing of different formulations in sheep. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 37(4):443-448. doi: 10.1051/rnd:19970405.

Horning, D. 1975. Metabolism of ascorbic acid. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 23:225–258.

Itze, L. 1984. Ascorbic acid metabolism in ruminants. in Ascorbic Acid in Domestic Animals. I. Wegger, ed. Royal Danish Agric. Soc., Copenhagen, Denmark. pp 120–130

IUPAC. 2009. Systematic IUPAC Name. In Vitamin C.

Izquierdo, A.C., J.E.G. Liera, A.E.V. Mancera, R.H. Crispín, A. E. I. Reyes, M.L. J. Mosqueda, A.G. Vázquez, J.O Pérez, B.E.R. Denis, and R.S.Sánchez. 2019. Causes of Infertility in Cows. Arch Animal Husb & Dairy Sci. 1(3):1-2. DOI: 10.33552/AAHDS.2019.01.000515

Jagos, P., J. Bouda, and R. Dvorrak. 1977. Ascorbic acid levels in the bronchopneumonia of calves. Vet Med (Praha), 22(3): 133–136.

Kankofer, M. 2001. Non-enzymatic antioxidative defense mechanisms against reactive oxygen species in bovine-retained and not-retained placenta: vitamin C and glutathione. Reprod Domest Anim, 36(3-4): 203–206. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0531.2001.d01-38.x

Khan, F.A. and G.K. Das. 2011. Follicular fluid nitric oxide and ascorbic acid concentrations in relation to follicular size, functional status and stage of estrous cycle in buffalo. Anim Reprod Sci, 125 (1-4): 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.03.012

Kleczkowski, M., W. Kluciński, A. Shaktur, and J. Sikora. 2005. Concentration of ascorbic acid in the blood of cows with subclinical mastitis. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 8(2):121-125.

Kour, S., J. Devi, K. Sarma, D. Chakraborty, R. Zargar, A.W. Ganai, and P. Khajuria. 2018. Effect of Vitamin C on Some Oxidative Stress Parameters in Water Deprived Goats. Journal of Animal Research, 8(2): 251-257. DOI: 10.30954/2277-940X.04.2018.13

Kumar, A., G. Singh, B.V.S. Kumar, and S.K. Meur. 2011. Modulation of antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte by dietary supplementation during heat stress in buffaloes. Livest Sci, 138 (1-3): 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.021

Leskova, E., J. Kubikova, E. Kovacikova, E. Kosicka, J. Porubska, and K. Holcikova. 2006. Vitamin losses: Retention during heat treatment and continual changes expressed by mathematical models. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19(4):252-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.014

Lopez, A., W.A. Krehl, and E. Good. 1967. Influence of time and temperature on ascorbic acid stability. J Am Diet Assoc., 50 (4):308-310

Luck, M.R. and Y. Zhao. 1993. Identification and measurement of collagen in the bovine corpus luteum and its relationship with ascorbic acid and tissue development. J. Reprod. Fertil., 99 (2): 647-652. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0990647.

Macleod, D.D., X. Zhang, L. Ozimeck, and J.J. Kennelly. 1999. Ascorby L-2-polyphosphate as a source of ascorbic acid for dairy cattle. Milchwissenschaft. 54:123-126.

MacLeod, D., L. Ozimeck, and J.J. Kennelly. 2003. Supplemental vitamin C may enhance immune function in dairy cows. In: Proceedings of Western Canadian Dairy Seminar, URL, http://www.wcds.ca/proc/1996/wcd96227.htm

Matei, N., S. Birghila, V. Popescu, S. Dobrinas, A. Soceanu, C. Oprea, and V. Magearu. 2008. Kinetic Study Of Vitamin C Degradation From Pharmaceutical Products. Rom. Journ. Phys., 53(1–2): 343–351.

Matsui, T. 2012. Vitamin C nutrition in cattle. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci., 25(5):597–605. doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.r.01

May, J.M., Z.C. Qu, and S. Mendiratta. 1998. Protection and recycling of -tocopherol in human erythrocytes by intracellular ascorbic acid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 349 (2):281- 289. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0473.

McDowell, L.R. 2002. Recent advances in minerals and vitamins on nutrition of lactating cows. Pak. J. Nutr., 1(1): 8-19. DOI:10.3923/pjn.2002.8.19

Mercali, G.D., D.P. Jaeschke, I.C. Tessaro, and L.D.F. Marczak. 2012. Study of vitamin C degradation in acerola pulp during ohmic and conventional heat treatment. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 47 (1):91-95.

Moallem zadeh, F., G. Moghaddam, and F. Soltanpour. 2015. Effect of supplemental vitamin C and E on the immune response of newborn calves. J. Agri-Food & Appl. Sci., 3(3):63-67

Naidu, K.A. 2003. Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview. Nutr J. 2(7): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-2-7

Naresh, R., S.K. Dwivedi, D. Swarup, and R.C. Patra. 2002. Evaluation of ascorbic acid treatment in clinical and subclinical mastitis of dairy cows. Asian Austral J Anim Sci., 15 (6):905–911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.905

Nayyar, S. and R. Jindal. 2010. Review Article Essentiality of antioxidant vitamins for ruminants in relation to stress and reproduction. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 11(1): 1-9

Nkafamiya, I.I., S.A. Oseameahon, U.U. Modibbo, and D. Haggai. 2010. Vitamins and effect of blanching on nutritional and antinutritional values of non-conventional leafy vegetables. African Journal of Food Science, 4(6): 335-341.

Nockels, C.F. 1988. The role of vitamin in modulating disease resistance. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 4(3): 531–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(15)31030-6

Nwunuji,, T.P., O.O. Mayowa, S.M. Yusoff, S.K. Bejo, S. Salisi, and E.A.W. Mohd. 2014. The ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid on the oxidative status, live weight and recovery rate in road transport stressed goats in a hot humid tropical environment. Anim Sci J., 85: 611–616. doi: 10.1111/asj.12174

Olivares, M., F. Pizzaro, O. Pineda, J.J. Name, E. Hertrampf, and T. Walter. 1997. Milk inhibits and ascorbic acid favors ferrous bis-glycine chelate bioavailability in humans. J. Nutr. 127(7):1407-1411. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.7.1407

Padayatty, S.J., A. Katz, Y. Wang, P. Eck, O. Kwon, J.H. Lee, S. Chen, C. Corpe, A. Dutta, S.K. Dutta, and M. Levine. 2003. Vitamin C as an Antioxidant: Evaluation of Its Role in Disease Prevention. J Am Coll Nutr., 22(1): 18–35. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719272.

Padilla, L., T. Matsui, Y. Kamiya, M. Kamiya, M. Tanaka, and H. Yano. 2006. Heat stress decreases plasma vitamin C concentration in lactating cows. Livest. Sci. 101(1):300–304. DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.12.002

Padilla, L., T. Matsui, S. Ikeda, M. Kitagawa, and H. Yano. 2007. The effect of vitamin C supplementation on plasma concentration and urinary excretion of vitamin C in cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 85 (12): 3367-3370. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0060

Papoutsis, K., P. Pristijono, J.B. Golding, C.E. Stathopoulos, C.J. Scarlett, M.C. Bowyer, and Q. Vuong. 2016. Impact of different solvents on the recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties from lemon (Citrus limon L.) pomace waste. Food science and biotechnology, 25(4): 971–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0158-8

Pehlivan, F.E. 2017. Vitamin C: An Antioxidant Agent. Chapter from the book Vitamin C. pp. 23-35. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69660

Phillips, P.H., H.A. Lardy, P.D. Boyer, and G.M. Werner. 1941. The relationship of ascorbic acid to reproduction in the cow. J. Dairy Sci., 24(2):153-158.

https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(41)95397-3

Pires, R.F. and M.R. Franco, Jr. 2008. Solubility of Benzoic Acid in Aqueous Solutions Containing Ethanol or N-Propanol. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 53(11): 2704–2706. DOI: 10.1021/je800507m

Pogge, D.J. 2013. The effect of supplemental vitamin C on performance, antioxidant capacity, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of steers fed high sulfur finishing diets. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13575

Prabowo, M.D., P. Sambodho, D.W. Harjanti and S.A.B. Santosa. 2017. (Effect Of Sodium Bicarbonate in Addition Feed Content Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase And Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Dairy Cows Lactation. JITP. 5(3): 128-132.

Pribyl, E. 1963. Diseases of young cattle. pp. 230. SZn Praha.

Radostits, O.M., D.C. Blood, and C.C. Gay. 1994. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, London: ELBS with Bailliere Tindall.

Ranjan, R., A. Ranjan, G.S. Dhaliwal, and R.C. Patra. 2012. L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation to optimize health and reproduction in cattle, Veterinary Quarterly, 32(3-4): 145-150, DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2012.734640

Rejeb, M. and T. Najar. 2018. A survey on the effect of plasma vitamin C on white blood constituents under heat stress condition for dairy cows. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 38(1): 6206-6216.

Rejeb, M., R. Sadraoui, and T. Najar. 2016. Role of Vitamin C on Immune Function Under Heat Stress Condition in Dairy Cows. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(11): 717-724.DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2016.717.724.

Sahinduran, S. and M.K. Albay. 2004. Supplemental ascorbic acid and prevention of neonatal calf diarrhoea. Acta Vet. Brno 73(2): 221-224. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200473020221

Sarangi, S. 2018. Adaptability of goats to heat stress: A review. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 7(4): 1114-1126

Schlueter, A.K. and C.S. Johnston. 2010. Vitamin C: Overview and Update. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 16(1) 49-57. DOI: 10.1177/1533210110392951

Seifi, H.A., M.R. Dezfuly and M. Bolurchi. 1996. The effectiveness of ascorbic acid in the prevention of calf neonatal diarrhoea. J. Vet. Med. Series B, 43(3):189-191. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00304.x

Simon, J.A. 1993. Ascorbic acid and cholesterol gallstones. Medical Hypotheses. 40 (2): 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(93)90132-A

Sivakumar, A.V.N., G. Singh, and V.P. Varshney. 2010. Antioxidants supplementation on acid base balance during heat stress in goats. Asian Austral J Anim Sci. 23 (11):1462–1468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90471

Stešková, A., M. Morochovičová, and E. Lešková. 2006. Vitamin C degradation during storage of fortified foods. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 45(2): 55-61

Sohrah, S. and S. Baba. 2019. Factors that Influence the Farmers Perception on the Utilization of Rice Straw as Feed in Bantimurung Sub-District. JITV. 7(2): 1-7

Tsao, C.S. and M.A. Young. 1996. Stabilized ascorbic acid solution. Med. Sci. Res. 24: 473–475

Varvara, M., G. Bozzo, C. Disanto, C.N. Pagliarone, and G.V. Celano. 2016. The use of the ascorbic acid as food additive and technical-legal issues. Italian Journal of Food Safety 5(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2016.4313

Washko, P.W., Y. Wang, and M. Levine. 1993. Ascorbic acid recycling in human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (21):15531-15535

Webb, A.L. and E. Villamor. 2007. Update: Effects of antioxidant and non-antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune function. Nutr. Rev., 65 (5): 181-217. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00298.x.

Wegger, I. and J. Moustgaard. 1982. Age variations in plasma ascorbic acid in calves. 25th Annu. Rep. Sterility Res. Inst., R. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Denmark. p 16

Weiss, W.P., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 2004. Changes in Vitamin C Concentrations in plasma and milk from dairy cows after an intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli. J. Dairy Sci., 87 (1): 32-37. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73138-0

Wolf, G. 1993. Uptake of ascorbic acid by human neutrophils. Nutr. Rev. 51(11):337-338. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1993.tb03760.x.

Zee, J.A., L. Carmichael, D. Codere, D. Poirier, and M. Fournier. 1991. Effect of storage conditions on the stability of vitamin C in various fruits and vegetables produced and consumed in Quebec. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 4 (1): 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-1575(91)90050-G

Zulkifli, I., M.T. Che-Norma, C.H. Chong, and T.C. Loh. 2000. Heterophil to hymphocyte ratio and tonic Immobility reactions to Pre-slaughter handling in broiler chickens treates with ascorbic acid. Poultry Science 79 (3): 402-406. doi: 10.1093/ps/79.3.402.

Downloads

Published

2021-05-30

Issue

Section

Articles