Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Perkotaan: Pengalaman Kota Bandung
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Submitted
17 March 2017
Published
17 March 2017
Keywords:
-
Program, Penanggulangan Kemiskinan dan Perkotaan
Abstract
Masalah sosial yang dihadapi masyarakat Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh kondisi kemiskinan, seperti kekurangan makanan, pendidikan, kesehatan, pengangguran, gizi buruk, dan lain-lain. Kemiskinan merupakan masalah pembangunan yang kompleks dan multidimensi sehingga untuk mengatasinya diperlukan suatu upaya kolektif dari pemerintah dan masyarakat dalam menyusun dan menerapkan strategi yang komprehensif, terpadu, terarah, dan berkelanjutan. Untuk wilayah perkotaan, upaya itu diwujudkan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Perkotaan (P2KP). P2KP hadir untuk melaksanakan amanat Program Pembangunan Nasional yang menempatkan penanggulangan kemiskinan sebagai prioritas mendesak untuk segera ditangani. P2KP membawa paradigma baru bahwa untuk menanggulangi kemiskinan secara berkelanjutan diperlukan suatu pendekatan yang berbasis pada prinsip prinsip pemberdayaan komunitas sehingga dalam proses pelaksanaan program perlu dilakukan upaya upaya tertentu yang harus dilakukan oleh komunitas itu sendiri dengan sasaran utama adalah masyarakat miskin di tingkat kelurahan di perkotaan. Usaha mendorong kemandirian dan kemitraan masyarakat bersama Pemerintah Daerah dalam menanggulangi kemiskinan di perkotaan Indonesia telah dilakukan melalui P2KP tahap pertama, kedua, dan ketiga, yang kemudian dilanjutkan menjadi Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) Mandiri Perkotaan. AbstractThe social problems faced by the Indonesian people are affected by poverty conditions, such as food shortage, education, health, unemployment, malnutrition, and others. Poverty is a complex and multidimensional development problem. Thus, in order to overcome poverty, a collective effort needs to be done by involving the government and society in developing and implementing comprehensive, integrated, effective, and sustainable strategies. In urban areas, such effort is realized by the Indonesian Government by way of Urban Poverty Program (P2KP). P2KP is present to carry out the mandate of the National Development Program that puts poverty alleviation as an urgent priority for to be addressed immediately. P2KP brings a new paradigm in tackling poverty in sustainable manner by making use of an approach based on the principles of community empowerment so that the program implementation process should contain specific efforts that are done by the community with the primary target is the urban poor people in kelurahan. Several efforts to encourage self-reliance and partnership between community and regional government in elevating urban poverty in Indonesia have been conducted through P2KP in three stages, continued as the National Community Empowerment Program for Urban Community (PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan).
References
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Badan Pusat Statistik, 2007. Population of Indonesia. Result of the 2007 Population Cencus. Series L.2.2. Jakarta : Badan Pusat Statistik,
Badan Pusat Statistik, 2006. Pedoman Penyandian Propinsi, Kabupaten/Kotamadya dan Suku Bangsa. Sensus Penduduk 2007. [Coding Guides for Provinces, Regencies/Municipalities and Ethnic Groups. 2000 Population Cencus]. Jakarta : Badan Pusat Statistik,
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Barry J.L., et al. 1997. Digestive and metabolic effects of potato and maize fibres in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr, 77 (1): 33-46.
Barry, C., Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures: Effects of age of acquisition, frequency, and name agreement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 50, 560–585.
Balogh, T., 1966. The Economics of Poverty, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ungku Abdul Aziz,. 1964. “Poverty and Rural Development in Malaysia”, Kajian Ekonomoi Malaysia, Vol.1, No.1, Jun.
Bappeda Kota Bandung, 2002, Evaluasi Perguliran Dana Program P2KP di Kota Bandung. Bandung, Bappeda.
Baum, W.C., 1990, Investasi Dalam Pembangunan : Pelajaran dari Pengalaman Bank Dunia 11, Cet 2, Jakarta : Universitas Indonesia
Booth, S.R., 1901. Poverty: A Study of Town Life, London: Macmillan
Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd Haflah Piei, 1988a. Dasar dan Strategi Pembasmian Kemiskinan- Kumpulan Rencana Tentang Kemiskinan, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd Haflah, 1988b. Isu, Konsep dan Dimensi Kemiskinan (Kumpulan Rencana Tentang Kemiskinan), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd. Amin Mohd. Anuar, 1989. “Kemiskinan Di Kalangan Petani Padi: Kajian Kes Di Besut, Kemubu, Seberang Perai, Tanjung Karang dan Jasin”, Penerbitan Tak Berkala No.38, Fakulti Ekonomi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor.
Chubut, C; Aube, A.C; Mekki, N; Dubois, C; Lairon, D: Barry, J.L. (1997). Digestive and metabolic effects of potato and maize fibres in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr, 77 (1): 33-46.
Diknas Kota Bandung, 1998, Kertas Kerja, “Perspektif Penduduk terhadap pengaruh Pendidikan Globalisasi”, Bandung, Kantor Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia.
Earth Institute, 2004. Energy service for the poor (Commissioned paper for the Millennium Project Task Force 1). Vijay Modi, Professor Eart Institute and Departement of Mechanical Engineering Colombia University
Ercelawn, 1990 “Absolute Poverty in Pakistan: Poverty Lines, Incidence, Intensity” University of Karachi, Applied Economics Research Centre.
Frank, A.G., 1973. “The Development of Underdevelopment”, dlm. C.K. Wilber, ed., The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, New York: Random House.
Friedmann, J., 1979. “Urban Poverty in Latin America - Some Theoretical Considerations”, dalam Development Dialogue, Vol.1, April, ms 45-48
George, V. dan I. Howards, 1991. Poverty Amidst Affluence - Britain and the United States, London, England: Edward Elgar.
Harian Media Indonesia, 10 Juli 1999, Penduduk Miskin Indonesia
Holland, J. L., Powell, A., & Fritzsche, B. (1994). SDS professional user’s guide. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Institut Pertanian Malaysia (AIM), 1983/1984. Kemiskinan Luar Bandar, Kuala Lumpur.
Jamasy, O., 2004, Keadilan, pemberdayaan dan penanggulangan Kemiskinan, Jakarta:Belantika
Kamal Salih, 1983/1984. “Konsep, Definisi dan Pengukuran Kemiskinan”, dlm. Institut Pertanian Malaysia (AIM), Kemiskinan Luar Bandar, Kuala Lumpur: AIM.
Kartasasmita, G., 1996, Pembangunan Untuk Rakyat : Memadukan Pertumbuhan dan Pemerataan, Jakarta : PT Pustaka
Kozel, V, 1999. New Approaches, New Methods, The need for Cross Disciplinary Research on Poverty. WDR on Poverty and Development 2000/01, Stiglitz Summer Research Workshop on Poverty, Washington DC.
Lewis, O., 1966. La Vida: a Puerto Rican Family in Culture of Poverty, San Juan and New York: Random House.
Lipton, M. (1983) Poverty Undernutrition and Hunger. Word Bank staff Working Paper No. 597 (Washington, D.C.: Word Bank).
Miller S.M. and W. Bloomberg Jr, 1970. “Shall the Poor Always be Impoverished”, dlm. Warner Bloomberg, Jr., and Henry J. Schmandt, eds., Urban Poverty: Its Social and Poliitical Dimensions, California: Sage Publication, Inc.
Mohd Razali Agus, 2005, “Persetingganan di Malaysia: Penduduk dan Penempatan Semula”, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya .
Mohd Razali Agus, 2001, Perumahan Awam di Malaysia;Dasar dan Amalan Kuala Lumpur,
Utusan Publication & Distribution Sdn. Bhd.
Mohd Taib Dora, 2000. Peminggiran Sosial: Keluarga Melayu Termiskin Bandar, Skudai, Johor Darul Ta`zim: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Mohd. Nor Ghani, 1977. “Dimensions of Poverty and Poverty Eradication Programmes”, dlm. B.A.R. Mokhzani dan Khoo Siew Mun, Some Case Studies on Poverty in Malaysia - Essays Presented to Professor Ungku A. Aziz, Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Ekonomi Malaysia.
Muhammad Ayub.(2007). Understading Islamic Finance. England: John Wiley & Sons.
Myrdal, G., 1970. The Challenges of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Programme in Outline, New York: Vintage Books.
Naseem, S. M. (1973) Mass Poverty in Pakistan: Some Preliminary Findings. The Pakistan Development Review 12:4, 312–360.
Nayak, P., 1995. Economic Development and Social Exclusion in India, Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
Orshansky, M. (1965), Counting the Poor: Another Look at the Poverty Profile, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 28.
Osman Rani Hassan dan Abdul Majid Salleh 1988. “Konsep-Konsep Kemiskinan dan Ketaksamaan: Satu Tinjauan”, dalam Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd Haflah, Isu, Konsep dan Dimensi Kemiskinan (Kumpulan Rencana Tentang Kemiskinan), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Piachaud, D., 1987. “Problems in the Definition and Measurement of Poverty”, Journal of Social Policy, Vol.16, No.2. ms. 147-164.
Ravallion, M. , 1994, “Poverty Comparisons, Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics”, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Rein, M., 1970. “Problems in the Definition and Measurement of Poverty”, dlm. Peter Townsend, The Concept of Poverty: Working Papers on Methods of Investigationand Life-Style of the poor in Different Countries, London: Heinmann Educational Books Ltd.
Rowntree, S. (1901), Poverty: A Study of Town Life, Macmillan, London.
Scott, W., 1979. “Poverty Monitoring in Developing Countries”, Development and Change, Vol.10, No.3, July.
Sen, A., 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deorication, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sukhtame. P.(1982) New Concepts in Nutrition and Their Implications for Policy (Pune:Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science)
Sukmana, O., 2005, Sosiologi dan Politik Ekonomi, Malang, Jawa Timur: UMM Publication
Surathman Kastin Hassan, 1996. “Kemiskinan dan Pembasmian Kemiskinan Mengikut Perspektif Islam”, dlm. Chamhuri Siwar dan Nor Aini Hj Idris, sunt., Kemiskinan Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Malaysia.
Syed Othman Alhabsyi, 2000. “Solving Absolute Poverty Using answers Found in Religion”,http://vlib.unitarkl1.edu.my/staff-publications/datuk.
Syed Othman Alhabsyi,1996. “Poverty Eradication From Islamic Perspectives”, http://vlib.unitarkl1.edu.my/staff-publications/datuk, layari pada Ogos 2000.
Tim Persiapan P2KP, 1999, Manual Proyek P2KP Buku Satu Pedoman Umum. Jakarta
Townsend, P., 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom - A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living, England: Penguin Books.
Ungku Abdul Aziz,.1975c. “Recent Thoughts on Poverty”, Workpaper presented in Second Malaysian Economic Convention, Kuala Lumpur.
Wan Sulaiman Wan Yusoff,. “Modern Approach of Zakat as an Economic and Social Instrument for Poverty Alleviation and Stability of Ummah”, workpaper presented in CPDS (Centre For Poverty and Development Studies) University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Winter, A.J., 1969. The Poor: A Culture of Poverty or a Poverty of Culture?, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publisher.
Word Bank (1999). Coporate Governance: Framework for Implementation, Overview. www.wordbank.org.pp.5
World Bank (2002) Poverty in Pakistan: Vulnerabilities, Social Gaps, and Rural Dynamics. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Yogi, S dan Iksan, M, (2006) Standar Pelayanan Publik di Daerah, Penerbit PKKOD-LAN, Jakarta.
Ariffin Jamilah, 1994. Poverty Amidst Plenty, Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Pelanduk Publications.
Arjan, de Haan, 1995. Bibliographical Review on Social Exclusion in South Asia, Discussion Paper Series No.79, Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
Badan Pusat Statistik, 2007. Population of Indonesia. Result of the 2007 Population Cencus. Series L.2.2. Jakarta : Badan Pusat Statistik,
Badan Pusat Statistik, 2006. Pedoman Penyandian Propinsi, Kabupaten/Kotamadya dan Suku Bangsa. Sensus Penduduk 2007. [Coding Guides for Provinces, Regencies/Municipalities and Ethnic Groups. 2000 Population Cencus]. Jakarta : Badan Pusat Statistik,
Badan Pusat Statistik, 2007b. Population of Jawa Barat. Result of the 2007 Population Cencus. Series L.2.2.14. Jakarta : Badan Pusat Statistik
Barry, C., Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures: Effects of age of acquisition, frequency, and name agreement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 50, 560–585.
Barry J.L., et al. 1997. Digestive and metabolic effects of potato and maize fibres in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr, 77 (1): 33-46.
Barry, C., Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures: Effects of age of acquisition, frequency, and name agreement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 50, 560–585.
Balogh, T., 1966. The Economics of Poverty, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ungku Abdul Aziz,. 1964. “Poverty and Rural Development in Malaysia”, Kajian Ekonomoi Malaysia, Vol.1, No.1, Jun.
Bappeda Kota Bandung, 2002, Evaluasi Perguliran Dana Program P2KP di Kota Bandung. Bandung, Bappeda.
Baum, W.C., 1990, Investasi Dalam Pembangunan : Pelajaran dari Pengalaman Bank Dunia 11, Cet 2, Jakarta : Universitas Indonesia
Booth, S.R., 1901. Poverty: A Study of Town Life, London: Macmillan
Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd Haflah Piei, 1988a. Dasar dan Strategi Pembasmian Kemiskinan- Kumpulan Rencana Tentang Kemiskinan, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd Haflah, 1988b. Isu, Konsep dan Dimensi Kemiskinan (Kumpulan Rencana Tentang Kemiskinan), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd. Amin Mohd. Anuar, 1989. “Kemiskinan Di Kalangan Petani Padi: Kajian Kes Di Besut, Kemubu, Seberang Perai, Tanjung Karang dan Jasin”, Penerbitan Tak Berkala No.38, Fakulti Ekonomi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor.
Chubut, C; Aube, A.C; Mekki, N; Dubois, C; Lairon, D: Barry, J.L. (1997). Digestive and metabolic effects of potato and maize fibres in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr, 77 (1): 33-46.
Diknas Kota Bandung, 1998, Kertas Kerja, “Perspektif Penduduk terhadap pengaruh Pendidikan Globalisasi”, Bandung, Kantor Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia.
Earth Institute, 2004. Energy service for the poor (Commissioned paper for the Millennium Project Task Force 1). Vijay Modi, Professor Eart Institute and Departement of Mechanical Engineering Colombia University
Ercelawn, 1990 “Absolute Poverty in Pakistan: Poverty Lines, Incidence, Intensity” University of Karachi, Applied Economics Research Centre.
Frank, A.G., 1973. “The Development of Underdevelopment”, dlm. C.K. Wilber, ed., The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, New York: Random House.
Friedmann, J., 1979. “Urban Poverty in Latin America - Some Theoretical Considerations”, dalam Development Dialogue, Vol.1, April, ms 45-48
George, V. dan I. Howards, 1991. Poverty Amidst Affluence - Britain and the United States, London, England: Edward Elgar.
Harian Media Indonesia, 10 Juli 1999, Penduduk Miskin Indonesia
Holland, J. L., Powell, A., & Fritzsche, B. (1994). SDS professional user’s guide. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Institut Pertanian Malaysia (AIM), 1983/1984. Kemiskinan Luar Bandar, Kuala Lumpur.
Jamasy, O., 2004, Keadilan, pemberdayaan dan penanggulangan Kemiskinan, Jakarta:Belantika
Kamal Salih, 1983/1984. “Konsep, Definisi dan Pengukuran Kemiskinan”, dlm. Institut Pertanian Malaysia (AIM), Kemiskinan Luar Bandar, Kuala Lumpur: AIM.
Kartasasmita, G., 1996, Pembangunan Untuk Rakyat : Memadukan Pertumbuhan dan Pemerataan, Jakarta : PT Pustaka
Kozel, V, 1999. New Approaches, New Methods, The need for Cross Disciplinary Research on Poverty. WDR on Poverty and Development 2000/01, Stiglitz Summer Research Workshop on Poverty, Washington DC.
Lewis, O., 1966. La Vida: a Puerto Rican Family in Culture of Poverty, San Juan and New York: Random House.
Lipton, M. (1983) Poverty Undernutrition and Hunger. Word Bank staff Working Paper No. 597 (Washington, D.C.: Word Bank).
Miller S.M. and W. Bloomberg Jr, 1970. “Shall the Poor Always be Impoverished”, dlm. Warner Bloomberg, Jr., and Henry J. Schmandt, eds., Urban Poverty: Its Social and Poliitical Dimensions, California: Sage Publication, Inc.
Mohd Razali Agus, 2005, “Persetingganan di Malaysia: Penduduk dan Penempatan Semula”, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya .
Mohd Razali Agus, 2001, Perumahan Awam di Malaysia;Dasar dan Amalan Kuala Lumpur,
Utusan Publication & Distribution Sdn. Bhd.
Mohd Taib Dora, 2000. Peminggiran Sosial: Keluarga Melayu Termiskin Bandar, Skudai, Johor Darul Ta`zim: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Mohd. Nor Ghani, 1977. “Dimensions of Poverty and Poverty Eradication Programmes”, dlm. B.A.R. Mokhzani dan Khoo Siew Mun, Some Case Studies on Poverty in Malaysia - Essays Presented to Professor Ungku A. Aziz, Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Ekonomi Malaysia.
Muhammad Ayub.(2007). Understading Islamic Finance. England: John Wiley & Sons.
Myrdal, G., 1970. The Challenges of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Programme in Outline, New York: Vintage Books.
Naseem, S. M. (1973) Mass Poverty in Pakistan: Some Preliminary Findings. The Pakistan Development Review 12:4, 312–360.
Nayak, P., 1995. Economic Development and Social Exclusion in India, Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
Orshansky, M. (1965), Counting the Poor: Another Look at the Poverty Profile, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 28.
Osman Rani Hassan dan Abdul Majid Salleh 1988. “Konsep-Konsep Kemiskinan dan Ketaksamaan: Satu Tinjauan”, dalam Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd Haflah, Isu, Konsep dan Dimensi Kemiskinan (Kumpulan Rencana Tentang Kemiskinan), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Piachaud, D., 1987. “Problems in the Definition and Measurement of Poverty”, Journal of Social Policy, Vol.16, No.2. ms. 147-164.
Ravallion, M. , 1994, “Poverty Comparisons, Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics”, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Rein, M., 1970. “Problems in the Definition and Measurement of Poverty”, dlm. Peter Townsend, The Concept of Poverty: Working Papers on Methods of Investigationand Life-Style of the poor in Different Countries, London: Heinmann Educational Books Ltd.
Rowntree, S. (1901), Poverty: A Study of Town Life, Macmillan, London.
Scott, W., 1979. “Poverty Monitoring in Developing Countries”, Development and Change, Vol.10, No.3, July.
Sen, A., 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deorication, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sukhtame. P.(1982) New Concepts in Nutrition and Their Implications for Policy (Pune:Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science)
Sukmana, O., 2005, Sosiologi dan Politik Ekonomi, Malang, Jawa Timur: UMM Publication
Surathman Kastin Hassan, 1996. “Kemiskinan dan Pembasmian Kemiskinan Mengikut Perspektif Islam”, dlm. Chamhuri Siwar dan Nor Aini Hj Idris, sunt., Kemiskinan Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Malaysia.
Syed Othman Alhabsyi, 2000. “Solving Absolute Poverty Using answers Found in Religion”,http://vlib.unitarkl1.edu.my/staff-publications/datuk.
Syed Othman Alhabsyi,1996. “Poverty Eradication From Islamic Perspectives”, http://vlib.unitarkl1.edu.my/staff-publications/datuk, layari pada Ogos 2000.
Tim Persiapan P2KP, 1999, Manual Proyek P2KP Buku Satu Pedoman Umum. Jakarta
Townsend, P., 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom - A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living, England: Penguin Books.
Ungku Abdul Aziz,.1975c. “Recent Thoughts on Poverty”, Workpaper presented in Second Malaysian Economic Convention, Kuala Lumpur.
Wan Sulaiman Wan Yusoff,. “Modern Approach of Zakat as an Economic and Social Instrument for Poverty Alleviation and Stability of Ummah”, workpaper presented in CPDS (Centre For Poverty and Development Studies) University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Winter, A.J., 1969. The Poor: A Culture of Poverty or a Poverty of Culture?, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publisher.
Word Bank (1999). Coporate Governance: Framework for Implementation, Overview. www.wordbank.org.pp.5
World Bank (2002) Poverty in Pakistan: Vulnerabilities, Social Gaps, and Rural Dynamics. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Yogi, S dan Iksan, M, (2006) Standar Pelayanan Publik di Daerah, Penerbit PKKOD-LAN, Jakarta.
Authors
Sugandi, Y. S. (2017). Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Perkotaan: Pengalaman Kota Bandung. JAKPP (Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan & Pelayanan Publik), 2(1), 109-128. https://doi.org/10.31947/jakpp.v2i1.1525
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