Profiling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues in raw chicken products sold around Kenyatta University, Kenya

DANIEL NG'ANG'A KAMAU; Daniel Ng'ang'a Kamau

doi:10.20956/ijab.v4i(2).11028

Issue

Vol. 4 No. (2) (2020): International Journal of Applied Biology

Issue Published : Jul 6, 2021

Date Log

Submitted

Aug 10, 2020

Published

Jul 6, 2021

Profiling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues in raw chicken products sold around Kenyatta University, Kenya

https://doi.org/10.20956/ijab.v4i(2).11028

DANIEL NG'ANG'A KAMAU

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

Daniel Ng'ang'a Kamau

Kenyatta University

Corresponding Author(s) : DANIEL NG'ANG'A KAMAU

kamau.daniel@ku.ac.ke

International Journal of Applied Biology, Vol. 4 No. (2) (2020): International Journal of Applied Biology
Article Published : Jul 6, 2021

Abstract

AbstractAntibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues are a serious safety problem for animal food products. Poultry products have been long recognized as a reservoir for antibiotic resistant commensals and pathogens. Antibiotic residues ingested via food animal products expose gut micro-flora to low concentrations of antibiotics, which promote antibiotic resistance. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the potential of chicken products to act as a transmission corridor for the spread of the antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. The present study aimed at profiling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues in raw chicken products sold around Kenyatta University, Kenya. A total of 32 meat and egg samples were randomly collected from two study sites; KM and KU. Antibiotic residues in the study samples were detected using two microbiological techniques with Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi as test organisms. Selective and differential media were used to isolate Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella from the samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of these isolates against commonly used antibiotics was done using Kirby-Bauer antibiotic discs diffusion method. Of the total samples tested, 87.50% meat and 100% egg samples showed presence of antibiotic residues. The mean colony forming units (CFUs) of meat samples from KM (190.25 x 10² CFU) was higher than that of KU (104.96 x 10² CFU). Eggs from KM showed contamination (158.88 x 10² CFU) than those sampled (108.29 x 10² CFU) within the university outlets. Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella, were resistant to ampicillin. Escherichia coli showed intermediate resistance to tetracycline while Escherichia coli and Shigella showed intermediate resistance to amikacin. This study reveals the presence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistant bacteria in chicken meat and eggs sold in the study area. Knowledge generated from this study is helps to develops effective strategies to control antibiotic resistance.Keywords: antibiotics; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic residues

References

References
Abdullahi, M., S. Olonitola, V. Umoh, and I. Inabo. (2015). “Antibacterial Resistance Profile and PCR Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Blood Samples of Hospitalized Subjects in Kano, North-West, Nigeria. British Microbiology Research Journal 5(3): 245-256.
Akbar, A., and Anal, A. K. (2011). Food safety concerns and food-borne pathogens, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter. FUUAST journal of Biology, 1(1 June), 5-17.
Akusu, O. M., and S. A., Wemedo. (2016). “Microbiological Quality of Selected Street Vended Foods in Port Harcourt Metropolis , Rivers State , Nigeria” 5 (2): 8–11.
Cháfer-Pericás, Consuelo, Ángel Maquieira, and Rosa Puchades. (2010). “Fast Screening Methods to Detect Antibiotic Residues in Food Samples.” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 29 (9): 1038–49.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2016). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 26th ed. Method M100S. Wayne, Pennsylvania: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
Darwish, W. S., Eldaly, E. A., El-Abbasy, M. T., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S., & Ishizuka, M. (2013). Antibiotic residues in food: the African scenario. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 61(Supplement), S13-S22.
Elnasri, A, M Salman, and Samah A El Rade. (2014). “Screening of Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Liver , Kidney and Muscle in Khartoum State , Sudan Sample Collection” 2 (3): 116–22.
Englmaierová, Michaela, E. Tůmová, V. Charvátová, and M. Skřivan. (2014). “Effects of Laying Hens Housing System on Laying Performance, Egg Quality Characteristics, and Egg Microbial Contamination.” Czech Journal of Animal Science 59 (8): 345–52.
Feglo, P, and K Sakyi. (2012). “Bacterial Contamination of Street Vending Food in Kumasi , Ghana” 1: 1–8.
Ferri, M., Ranucci, E., Romagnoli, P., and Giaccone, V. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance: a global emerging threat to public health systems. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57(13), 2857-2876.
Idowu, F., Junaid, K., Paul, A., Gabriel, O., Paul, A., Sati, N., and Jarlath, U. (2010). Antimicrobial Screening of Commercial Eggs and Determination of Tetracycline Residue Using Two Microbiological Methods. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(10), 959–962. http://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.959.962
Jans, C., Sarno, E., Collineau, L., Meile, L., Stärk, K. D., and Stephan, R. (2018). Consumer exposure to antimicrobial resistant bacteria from food at Swiss retail level. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 362.
Kehinde, Omeiza Gabriel, Kabir Junaidu, Mamman Mohammed, Adeiza Musa Abdulrahman, and Kaduna State. (2012). “Detection of Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Commercial Eggs Using Premi ® Test.” International Journal of Poultry Science 11 (1): 50–54.
Kyung-Min Leea, Mick Runyona, Timothy J. Herrmana, Robert Phillipsb and John Hsieha. (2015). “Review of Salmonella Detection and Identification Methods: Aspects of Rapid Emergency Response and Food Safety.” Food Control 47: 264–78.
Manyi-Loh, Christy, Sampson Mamphweli, Edson Meyer, and Anthony Okoh. (2018). “Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications.” Molecules 23: 795.
Mathur S., and Singh R. (2005) Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteria—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 105(3), 281–295. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.008
McCarron, Margaret, Peninah Munyua, Po-Yung Cheng, Thomas Manga, Cathryn Wanjohi, Ann Moen, Anthony Mounts, and Mark A Katz. (2015). “Understanding the Poultry Trade Network in Kenya: Implications for Regional Disease Prevention and Control.” Preventive Veterinary Medicine 120 (3–4): 321–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.021.
Mensah, Patience, Dorothy Yeboah-manu, Kwaku Owusu-darko, and Anthony Ablordey. (2002). “Street Foods in Accra , Ghana : How Safe Are They ?” 80 (00): 546–54.
Mund, Muhammad Danish, Umair Hassan Khan, Uruj Tahir, Bahar-e- Mustafa, and Asad Fayyaz. (2017). “Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Poultry Products and Implications on Public Health : A Review.” International Journal of Food Properties 20 (7): 1433–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1212874.
Myllyniemi, A L, L Nuotio, E Lindfors, R Rannikko, A Niemi, and C Backman. (2001). “A Microbiological Six-Plate Method for the Identification of Certain Antibiotic Groups in Incurred Kidney and Muscle Samples.” Analyst 126 (5): 641–46. https://doi.org/10.1039/b306622c.
Nyamboya R A, Okemo P O, and Ombori O (2013) Isolation of High Antibiotic Resistant Fecal Bacteria Indicators, Salmonella and Vibrio Species from Raw Abattoirs Sewage in Peri-Urban Locations of Nairobi, Kenya. Greener Journal of Biological Sciences. Retrieved from http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7336
Nyamboya, Rosemary Atieno, P. O. Okemo, and O. Ombori. (2013). “Isolation of High Antibiotic Resistant Fecal Bacteria Indicators, Salmonella and Vibrio Species from Raw Abattoirs Sewage in Peri-Urban Locations of Nairobi, Kenya.” Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, July. http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7336.
Panigrahi, Sumitra, Maninder Singh Sheoran, and Subha Ganguly. (2017). “Antibiotic Residues in Milk- a Serious Public Health Hazard” 2 (4): 99–102.
Pavlov A, Lashev L, Vachin I, and Rusev V (2008) Residues of antimicrobial drugs in chicken meat and offals. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 6, 23–25.
Rane, S. (2011). Street Vended Food in Developing World : Hazard Analyses, 51(1), 100–106. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-011-0154-x
Silbergeld, E. K., Graham, J., and Price, L. B. (2008). Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 29, 151-169.
Singer, A. C., Shaw, H., Rhodes, V., and Hart, A. (2016). Review of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and its relevance to environmental regulators. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1728.
Sugrue, I., Tobin, C., Ross, R. P., Stanton, C., and Hill, C. (2019). Foodborne pathogens and zoonotic diseases. In Raw milk (pp. 259-272). Academic Press.
Wong, T.L., MacDiarmid, S. and Cook, R. (2009). Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and E. coli biotype 1 in a pilot survey of imported and New Zealand pig meats. Food Microbiology, 26:177 – 182.
Woolhouse, M., Ward, M., van Bunnik, B., and Farrar, J. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1670), 20140083.
World Health Organization. (2017). Prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (No. WHO/EMP/IAU/2017.12). World Health Organization.

References

Abdullahi, M., S. Olonitola, V. Umoh, and I. Inabo. (2015). “Antibacterial Resistance Profile and PCR Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Blood Samples of Hospitalized Subjects in Kano, North-West, Nigeria. British Microbiology Research Journal 5(3): 245-256.

Akbar, A., and Anal, A. K. (2011). Food safety concerns and food-borne pathogens, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter. FUUAST journal of Biology, 1(1 June), 5-17.

Akusu, O. M., and S. A., Wemedo. (2016). “Microbiological Quality of Selected Street Vended Foods in Port Harcourt Metropolis , Rivers State , Nigeria” 5 (2): 8–11.

Cháfer-Pericás, Consuelo, Ángel Maquieira, and Rosa Puchades. (2010). “Fast Screening Methods to Detect Antibiotic Residues in Food Samples.” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 29 (9): 1038–49.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2016). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 26th ed. Method M100S. Wayne, Pennsylvania: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.

Darwish, W. S., Eldaly, E. A., El-Abbasy, M. T., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S., & Ishizuka, M. (2013). Antibiotic residues in food: the African scenario. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 61(Supplement), S13-S22.

Elnasri, A, M Salman, and Samah A El Rade. (2014). “Screening of Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Liver , Kidney and Muscle in Khartoum State , Sudan Sample Collection” 2 (3): 116–22.

Englmaierová, Michaela, E. Tůmová, V. Charvátová, and M. Skřivan. (2014). “Effects of Laying Hens Housing System on Laying Performance, Egg Quality Characteristics, and Egg Microbial Contamination.” Czech Journal of Animal Science 59 (8): 345–52.

Feglo, P, and K Sakyi. (2012). “Bacterial Contamination of Street Vending Food in Kumasi , Ghana” 1: 1–8.

Ferri, M., Ranucci, E., Romagnoli, P., and Giaccone, V. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance: a global emerging threat to public health systems. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57(13), 2857-2876.

Idowu, F., Junaid, K., Paul, A., Gabriel, O., Paul, A., Sati, N., and Jarlath, U. (2010). Antimicrobial Screening of Commercial Eggs and Determination of Tetracycline Residue Using Two Microbiological Methods. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(10), 959–962. http://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2010.959.962

Jans, C., Sarno, E., Collineau, L., Meile, L., Stärk, K. D., and Stephan, R. (2018). Consumer exposure to antimicrobial resistant bacteria from food at Swiss retail level. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 362.

Kehinde, Omeiza Gabriel, Kabir Junaidu, Mamman Mohammed, Adeiza Musa Abdulrahman, and Kaduna State. (2012). “Detection of Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Commercial Eggs Using Premi ® Test.” International Journal of Poultry Science 11 (1): 50–54.

Kyung-Min Leea, Mick Runyona, Timothy J. Herrmana, Robert Phillipsb and John Hsieha. (2015). “Review of Salmonella Detection and Identification Methods: Aspects of Rapid Emergency Response and Food Safety.” Food Control 47: 264–78.

Manyi-Loh, Christy, Sampson Mamphweli, Edson Meyer, and Anthony Okoh. (2018). “Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications.” Molecules 23: 795.

Mathur S., and Singh R. (2005) Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteria—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 105(3), 281–295. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.008

McCarron, Margaret, Peninah Munyua, Po-Yung Cheng, Thomas Manga, Cathryn Wanjohi, Ann Moen, Anthony Mounts, and Mark A Katz. (2015). “Understanding the Poultry Trade Network in Kenya: Implications for Regional Disease Prevention and Control.” Preventive Veterinary Medicine 120 (3–4): 321–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.021.

Mensah, Patience, Dorothy Yeboah-manu, Kwaku Owusu-darko, and Anthony Ablordey. (2002). “Street Foods in Accra , Ghana : How Safe Are They ?” 80 (00): 546–54.

Mund, Muhammad Danish, Umair Hassan Khan, Uruj Tahir, Bahar-e- Mustafa, and Asad Fayyaz. (2017). “Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Poultry Products and Implications on Public Health : A Review.” International Journal of Food Properties 20 (7): 1433–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1212874.

Myllyniemi, A L, L Nuotio, E Lindfors, R Rannikko, A Niemi, and C Backman. (2001). “A Microbiological Six-Plate Method for the Identification of Certain Antibiotic Groups in Incurred Kidney and Muscle Samples.” Analyst 126 (5): 641–46. https://doi.org/10.1039/b306622c.

Nyamboya R A, Okemo P O, and Ombori O (2013) Isolation of High Antibiotic Resistant Fecal Bacteria Indicators, Salmonella and Vibrio Species from Raw Abattoirs Sewage in Peri-Urban Locations of Nairobi, Kenya. Greener Journal of Biological Sciences. Retrieved from http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7336

Nyamboya, Rosemary Atieno, P. O. Okemo, and O. Ombori. (2013). “Isolation of High Antibiotic Resistant Fecal Bacteria Indicators, Salmonella and Vibrio Species from Raw Abattoirs Sewage in Peri-Urban Locations of Nairobi, Kenya.” Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, July. http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7336.

Panigrahi, Sumitra, Maninder Singh Sheoran, and Subha Ganguly. (2017). “Antibiotic Residues in Milk- a Serious Public Health Hazard” 2 (4): 99–102.

Pavlov A, Lashev L, Vachin I, and Rusev V (2008) Residues of antimicrobial drugs in chicken meat and offals. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 6, 23–25.

Rane, S. (2011). Street Vended Food in Developing World : Hazard Analyses, 51(1), 100–106. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-011-0154-x

Silbergeld, E. K., Graham, J., and Price, L. B. (2008). Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 29, 151-169.

Singer, A. C., Shaw, H., Rhodes, V., and Hart, A. (2016). Review of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and its relevance to environmental regulators. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1728.

Sugrue, I., Tobin, C., Ross, R. P., Stanton, C., and Hill, C. (2019). Foodborne pathogens and zoonotic diseases. In Raw milk (pp. 259-272). Academic Press.

Wong, T.L., MacDiarmid, S. and Cook, R. (2009). Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and E. coli biotype 1 in a pilot survey of imported and New Zealand pig meats. Food Microbiology, 26:177 – 182.

Woolhouse, M., Ward, M., van Bunnik, B., and Farrar, J. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1670), 20140083.

World Health Organization. (2017). Prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (No. WHO/EMP/IAU/2017.12). World Health Organization.

Author Biographies

DANIEL NG'ANG'A KAMAU, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

Senior TechnologistDepartment of Biochemistry, Microbiology and BiotechnologyKenyatta University

Daniel Ng'ang'a Kamau, Kenyatta University

Senior TechnologistDepartment of Biochemistry, Microbiology and BiotechnologyKenyatta University

Issue

Vol. 4 No. (2) (2020): International Journal of Applied Biology

Date Log

Profiling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues in raw chicken products sold around Kenyatta University, Kenya

Corresponding Author(s) : DANIEL NG'ANG'A KAMAU

Abstract

References

Author Biographies

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