Main Article Content
Abstract
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The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) merupakan sebuah dokumen yang monumental dalam sejarah perkembangan pemenuhan hak perempuan di dunia internasional. Konvensi ini lahir dari adanya permasalahan diskriminasi dan kesenjangan yang sangat tinggi yang dihadapi oleh perempuan di seluruh dunia. Artikel ini membahas mengenai perbandingan dari Arab Saudi dan India dalam mengimplementasikan CEDAW dengan membandingkan setiap pasal yang berfokus pada pemenuhan hak perempuan dalam bidang politik dan ekonomi. Artikel ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan dan analisis data berupa telaah pustaka (library research) dengan teknik analisis data berupa teknik data kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa masing-masing negara dalam mengimplementasikan sebuah rezim internasional dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor mulai dari faktor internal maupun faktor eksternal. Lebih lanjut, perbandingan implementasi kedua negara ini menunjukan bahwa Arab Saudi jauh lebih patuh terhadap konvensi CEDAW dibandingkan dengan India.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Buku:
- Luhulima, A. S. (2014). CEDAW: menegakkan hak asasi perempuan. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
- Nurlina, Miskiyah, dkk. 2020. SDM dalam Berbagai Perspektif (63-76). 1 (4). IDEA Press Yogyakarta
- Sriwidodo, 1993, Bahan Kuliah Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi. Ekonomi Mikro. Universitas Gajah Mada Yogjakarta
- Swasono, Sri Edi, 2003. Ekspose Ekonomika Globalisme dan Kompetensi Sarjana Ekonomi. Pusat Studi Ekonomi Pancasila UGM
- Jurnal:
- Alsaleh, S. A. (2012). Gender Inequality in Saudi Arabia. : Myth and Reality. IPEDR, 39(2), 123-130.
- Al-Sanea, F. A. (2022). Gender Inequality in Saudi Arabia. Journal Future of Social Science, 24-76.
- Ganti, R., Siahaan, D., Siahaan, R., Ganti, D., & Kedudukan. (2021). Kedudukan Rezim Internasional Dalam Hukum Internasional Kontemporer (The Position Of The International Regime In Contemporary International Law) Citation Structure Recommendation. Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis, 2(1). Retrieved from https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/334507-the-position-of-the-international-regime-633e723c.pdf
- Lestari, S. (2020, December). Demografi dan Generasi Digital: Bonus atau Bencana. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from ResearchGate website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349279326_Demografi_dan_Generasi_Digital_Bonus_atau_Bencana
- Luciana, E. (2016). Peranan UN Women dalam Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Kaum Perempuan di India (Doctoral dissertation, PERPUSTAKAAN).
- Lu, M. (2020, September 6). PartisiPasi angkatan kerja PeremPuan di dunia: Problema dan solusi. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from ResearchGate website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349836006_PartisiPasi_angkatan_kerja_PeremPuan_di_dunia_Problema_dan_solusi
- Nevy Rusmarina Dewi, Azza Ihsanul Fikri, & Afifah Febriani. (2020, May 18). Dinamika Kesetaraan Gender di Arab Saudi: Sebuah Harapan Baru di Era Raja Salman. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from ResearchGate website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343635027_Dinamika_Kesetaraan_Gender_di_Arab_Saudi_Sebuah_Harapan_Baru_di_Era_Raja_Salman
- Pertiwi, W. S. (2021). Implementasi CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) di India: Studi Kasus Diskriminasi Perempuan dalam Tradisi Pemberian Dowry/Mahar. Indonesian Journal of Global Discourse, 3(1), 55?80. https://doi.org/10.29303/ijgd.v3i1.29
- Rendi Prayuda, & Harto, S. (2019). POLITIK INSTITUSI REZIM INTERNASIONAL (KONSEP DAN PENDEKATAN ANALISIS). Journal of Diplomacy and International Studies, 2(02), 97?111. https://doi.org/10.25299/jdis.2019.vol2(02).5182
- Riyadi, R. (2022). Implementasi Cedaw Melalui Vision 2030 Dalam Upaya Penjaminan Hak-Hak Perempuan Di Arab Saudi = Implementation of Cedaw Through Vision 2030 In Order To Guaranteeing Women?s Rights In Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia - Repository Universitas Hasanuddin. Unhas.ac.id. https://doi.org//id/eprint/24115/1/E061181024_skripsi_22-09-2022%20cover1.png
- Rosanti, Pingkan Cahya. (2018). Upaya UN Women bersama Pemerintah India mengimplementasikan Konvensi CEDAW dalam mengurangi diskriminasi perempuan di India. Unpar.ac.id. https://doi.org/skp37755
- Wibowo, S., Hermini Susiatiningsih, & Satwika Paramasatya. (2022). Upaya Kepatuhan Kerjasama Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Wildlife Conservation Society terhadap CITES terkait Isu Perdagangan Ilegal Trenggiling di Indonesia. Journal of International Relations, 8(2), 192?203. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v8i2.33476
- Yani, Y. (2008). Disampaikan pada acara Ceramah Sistem Politik Luar Negeri bagi Perwira Siswa Sekolah Sekolah Staf dan Komando Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara (Sesko TNI AU) Angkatan ke-45 TP. Retrieved from https://pustaka.unpad.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/perspektif_perspektif_politik_luar_negeri.pdf
- Website:
- CEDAW: Signatures to and Ratifications of the Optional Protocol. (2023). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Un.org website: https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/protocol/sigop.htm
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. (2023). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Un.org website: https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
- Dwi Murdaningsih. (2020, October 12). Ketidaksetaraan Gender di India Bahayakan Perempuan. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Republika Online website: https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qi29wj368/ketidaksetaraan-gender-di-india-bahayakan-perempuan
- Gomuslim. (2017). Pemerintah Saudi Perkuat Peran Perempuan Jadi Diplomat. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from gomuslim website: https://m.gomuslim.co.id/read/news/2017/12/07/6329/pemerintah-saudi-perkuat-peran-perempuan-jadi-diplomat
- Habib Alfarisi. (2020, January 20). Rezim Internasional, Konsep Dasar, Pengertian dan Studi Kasus Halaman all - Kompasiana.com. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from KOMPASIANA website: https://www.kompasiana.com/vaneroberer1395/5e25d683d541df4c8b642a03/rezim-internasional-konsep-dasar-pengertian-dan-studi-kasus?page=all&page_images=1#:~:text=Rezim%20Internasional%20yang%20dimaksudkan%20oleh,dalam%20Rezim%20Internasional%20akan%20bertemu.
- Laura Begley Bloom. (2022, October 12). 20 Most Dangerous Places For Women Travelers. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2019/07/26/20-most-dangerous-places-for-women-travelers/?sh=74617730c2f4
- Liloia, A. (2019, August 27). Perempuan Arab Saudi sedang berjuang untuk kebebasan - dan kesuksesan mereka terus bertambah. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from The Conversation website: https://theconversation.com/perempuan-arab-saudi-sedang-berjuang-untuk-kebebasan-dan-kesuksesan-mereka-terus-bertambah-122269
- Mint. (2022, March 7). The curious case of Indian working women | Mint. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from mint website: https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/the-curious-case-of-indian-working-women-11646677021016.html
- Nurul Hidayati. (2021, April 23). Arab Saudi Tunjuk Dubes Wanita Ketiga, Kini untuk Swedia. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from kumparan website: https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/arab-saudi-tunjuk-dubes-wanita-ketiga-kini-untuk-swedia-1vbecTQcuDg/2
- Perlindungan. (2022). KEMENTERIAN PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN DAN PERLINDUNGAN ANAK. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Kemenpppa.go.id website: https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3817/g20-empower-peningkatan-tenaga-kerja-perempuan-dukung-pertumbuhan-ekonomi-negara
- Primus Dorimulu. (2022, March 30). Partisipasi Perempuan Bekerja Hanya 47%. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from investor.id website: https://investor.id/business/288824/partisipasi-perempuan-bekerja-hanya-47
- Ramakrishnan, S. (2022, March 14). Mengapa Hanya Sedikit Perempuan India Terjun ke Politik? Retrieved January 30, 2023, from dw.com website: https://www.dw.com/id/mengapa-hanya-sedikit-perempuan-india-terjun-ke-politik/a-61117370
- Staff, C. (2023). Terms to Know. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from Civiced.org website: https://www.civiced.org/9-11-and-the-constitution-terms-to-know
- Short History of CEDAW Convention. (2023). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Un.org website: https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm
- Tommy Patrio Sorongan. (2023, January 18). Bakal Jadi Negara Terpadat Dunia, India Menyimpan ?Bom Waktu.? Retrieved January 30, 2023, from CNBC Indonesia website: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20230118074010-4-406306/bakal-jadi-negara-terpadat-dunia-india-menyimpan-bom-waktu
- Welle, D. (2013, April 25). Diskriminasi Perempuan di India. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from dw.com website: https://www.dw.com/id/perempuan-di-india-tanpa-perlindungan/a-16772444
- Welle, D. (2014, March 7). Hak Perempuan di India. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from dw.com website: https://www.dw.com/id/berjuang-bagi-hak-perempuan-di-india/a-17481630
- Wion. (2022, June 24). International Day of Women in Diplomacy: Here are top Indian women diplomats making their mark globally. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from WION website: https://www.wionews.com/photos/in-pics-indias-top-women-diplomats-in-international-diplomacy-491274#vidisha-maitra-491273
- Yudhistira Mahabarata. (2020). Perdana Menteri Perempuan Pertama India Itu Bernama Indira Gandhi. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan website: https://voi.id/memori/1884/perdana-menteri-perempuan-pertama-india-itu-bernama-indira-gandhi
- Laporan:
- Adi Ahdiat. (2022, April 3). Indeks Kesenjangan Gender Negara G20, di Mana Posisi Indonesia? Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Katadata.co.id website: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/04/indeks-kesenjangan-gender-negara-g20-di-mana-posisi-indonesia
- Bhattacharya, A. (2019, February 6). What are the causes of gender inequality in India? Retrieved January 30, 2023, from World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/causes-gender-inequality-india/
- Discrimination, I. (2018). Oxfam India. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Oxfamindia.org website: https://www.oxfamindia.org/press-release/india-discrimination-report-women-india-earn-less-and-get-fewer-jobs
- Gender equality. (2022, March 3). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Inter-Parliamentary Union website: https://www.ipu.org/impact/gender-equality
- Human Rights Watch. (2018). Human Rights Watch Submission to the CEDAW Committee of Saudi Arabia's Periodic Report 69th Session. New York: Human Rights Watch Org.
- IPU. (2022). Global and regional averages of women in national parliaments. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Parline: the IPU?s Open Data Platform website: https://data.ipu.org/women-averages?month=12&year=2022
- IPU. (2022). Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Parline: the IPU?s Open Data Platform website: https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=12&year=2022
- International Labour Organization. 2018. Women at Work in G20 Countries: Progress and Policy Action. Paper prepared under Japan?s G20 Presidency.
- Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2023). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Inter-Parliamentary Union website: https://www.ipu.org/
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2016). Vision 2030 : a Transformation Story. Riyadh: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Government.
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2020). Vision 2030 Achievements 2016-2020. Riyadh: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Ministry of Labor and Social Development Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2016). Saudi Arabia Labor Market Report 2016. Riyadh: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Radhakrishnan, V. (2020, September 30). Data | 92% Indian women take part in unpaid domestic work; only 27% men do so. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Thehindu.com website: https://www.thehindu.com/data/92pc-indian-women-take-part-in-unpaid-domestic-work-only-27pc-men-do-so/article32729100.ece
References
Buku:
Luhulima, A. S. (2014). CEDAW: menegakkan hak asasi perempuan. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Nurlina, Miskiyah, dkk. 2020. SDM dalam Berbagai Perspektif (63-76). 1 (4). IDEA Press Yogyakarta
Sriwidodo, 1993, Bahan Kuliah Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi. Ekonomi Mikro. Universitas Gajah Mada Yogjakarta
Swasono, Sri Edi, 2003. Ekspose Ekonomika Globalisme dan Kompetensi Sarjana Ekonomi. Pusat Studi Ekonomi Pancasila UGM
Jurnal:
Alsaleh, S. A. (2012). Gender Inequality in Saudi Arabia. : Myth and Reality. IPEDR, 39(2), 123-130.
Al-Sanea, F. A. (2022). Gender Inequality in Saudi Arabia. Journal Future of Social Science, 24-76.
Ganti, R., Siahaan, D., Siahaan, R., Ganti, D., & Kedudukan. (2021). Kedudukan Rezim Internasional Dalam Hukum Internasional Kontemporer (The Position Of The International Regime In Contemporary International Law) Citation Structure Recommendation. Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis, 2(1). Retrieved from https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/334507-the-position-of-the-international-regime-633e723c.pdf
Lestari, S. (2020, December). Demografi dan Generasi Digital: Bonus atau Bencana. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from ResearchGate website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349279326_Demografi_dan_Generasi_Digital_Bonus_atau_Bencana
Luciana, E. (2016). Peranan UN Women dalam Penghapusan Diskriminasi terhadap Kaum Perempuan di India (Doctoral dissertation, PERPUSTAKAAN).
Lu, M. (2020, September 6). PartisiPasi angkatan kerja PeremPuan di dunia: Problema dan solusi. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from ResearchGate website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349836006_PartisiPasi_angkatan_kerja_PeremPuan_di_dunia_Problema_dan_solusi
Nevy Rusmarina Dewi, Azza Ihsanul Fikri, & Afifah Febriani. (2020, May 18). Dinamika Kesetaraan Gender di Arab Saudi: Sebuah Harapan Baru di Era Raja Salman. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from ResearchGate website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343635027_Dinamika_Kesetaraan_Gender_di_Arab_Saudi_Sebuah_Harapan_Baru_di_Era_Raja_Salman
Pertiwi, W. S. (2021). Implementasi CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) di India: Studi Kasus Diskriminasi Perempuan dalam Tradisi Pemberian Dowry/Mahar. Indonesian Journal of Global Discourse, 3(1), 55?80. https://doi.org/10.29303/ijgd.v3i1.29
Rendi Prayuda, & Harto, S. (2019). POLITIK INSTITUSI REZIM INTERNASIONAL (KONSEP DAN PENDEKATAN ANALISIS). Journal of Diplomacy and International Studies, 2(02), 97?111. https://doi.org/10.25299/jdis.2019.vol2(02).5182
Riyadi, R. (2022). Implementasi Cedaw Melalui Vision 2030 Dalam Upaya Penjaminan Hak-Hak Perempuan Di Arab Saudi = Implementation of Cedaw Through Vision 2030 In Order To Guaranteeing Women?s Rights In Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia - Repository Universitas Hasanuddin. Unhas.ac.id. https://doi.org//id/eprint/24115/1/E061181024_skripsi_22-09-2022%20cover1.png
Rosanti, Pingkan Cahya. (2018). Upaya UN Women bersama Pemerintah India mengimplementasikan Konvensi CEDAW dalam mengurangi diskriminasi perempuan di India. Unpar.ac.id. https://doi.org/skp37755
Wibowo, S., Hermini Susiatiningsih, & Satwika Paramasatya. (2022). Upaya Kepatuhan Kerjasama Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Wildlife Conservation Society terhadap CITES terkait Isu Perdagangan Ilegal Trenggiling di Indonesia. Journal of International Relations, 8(2), 192?203. https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v8i2.33476
Yani, Y. (2008). Disampaikan pada acara Ceramah Sistem Politik Luar Negeri bagi Perwira Siswa Sekolah Sekolah Staf dan Komando Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara (Sesko TNI AU) Angkatan ke-45 TP. Retrieved from https://pustaka.unpad.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/perspektif_perspektif_politik_luar_negeri.pdf
Website:
CEDAW: Signatures to and Ratifications of the Optional Protocol. (2023). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Un.org website: https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/protocol/sigop.htm
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. (2023). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Un.org website: https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
Dwi Murdaningsih. (2020, October 12). Ketidaksetaraan Gender di India Bahayakan Perempuan. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Republika Online website: https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qi29wj368/ketidaksetaraan-gender-di-india-bahayakan-perempuan
Gomuslim. (2017). Pemerintah Saudi Perkuat Peran Perempuan Jadi Diplomat. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from gomuslim website: https://m.gomuslim.co.id/read/news/2017/12/07/6329/pemerintah-saudi-perkuat-peran-perempuan-jadi-diplomat
Habib Alfarisi. (2020, January 20). Rezim Internasional, Konsep Dasar, Pengertian dan Studi Kasus Halaman all - Kompasiana.com. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from KOMPASIANA website: https://www.kompasiana.com/vaneroberer1395/5e25d683d541df4c8b642a03/rezim-internasional-konsep-dasar-pengertian-dan-studi-kasus?page=all&page_images=1#:~:text=Rezim%20Internasional%20yang%20dimaksudkan%20oleh,dalam%20Rezim%20Internasional%20akan%20bertemu.
Laura Begley Bloom. (2022, October 12). 20 Most Dangerous Places For Women Travelers. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2019/07/26/20-most-dangerous-places-for-women-travelers/?sh=74617730c2f4
Liloia, A. (2019, August 27). Perempuan Arab Saudi sedang berjuang untuk kebebasan - dan kesuksesan mereka terus bertambah. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from The Conversation website: https://theconversation.com/perempuan-arab-saudi-sedang-berjuang-untuk-kebebasan-dan-kesuksesan-mereka-terus-bertambah-122269
Mint. (2022, March 7). The curious case of Indian working women | Mint. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from mint website: https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/the-curious-case-of-indian-working-women-11646677021016.html
Nurul Hidayati. (2021, April 23). Arab Saudi Tunjuk Dubes Wanita Ketiga, Kini untuk Swedia. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from kumparan website: https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/arab-saudi-tunjuk-dubes-wanita-ketiga-kini-untuk-swedia-1vbecTQcuDg/2
Perlindungan. (2022). KEMENTERIAN PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN DAN PERLINDUNGAN ANAK. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Kemenpppa.go.id website: https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3817/g20-empower-peningkatan-tenaga-kerja-perempuan-dukung-pertumbuhan-ekonomi-negara
Primus Dorimulu. (2022, March 30). Partisipasi Perempuan Bekerja Hanya 47%. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from investor.id website: https://investor.id/business/288824/partisipasi-perempuan-bekerja-hanya-47
Ramakrishnan, S. (2022, March 14). Mengapa Hanya Sedikit Perempuan India Terjun ke Politik? Retrieved January 30, 2023, from dw.com website: https://www.dw.com/id/mengapa-hanya-sedikit-perempuan-india-terjun-ke-politik/a-61117370
Staff, C. (2023). Terms to Know. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from Civiced.org website: https://www.civiced.org/9-11-and-the-constitution-terms-to-know
Short History of CEDAW Convention. (2023). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Un.org website: https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm
Tommy Patrio Sorongan. (2023, January 18). Bakal Jadi Negara Terpadat Dunia, India Menyimpan ?Bom Waktu.? Retrieved January 30, 2023, from CNBC Indonesia website: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20230118074010-4-406306/bakal-jadi-negara-terpadat-dunia-india-menyimpan-bom-waktu
Welle, D. (2013, April 25). Diskriminasi Perempuan di India. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from dw.com website: https://www.dw.com/id/perempuan-di-india-tanpa-perlindungan/a-16772444
Welle, D. (2014, March 7). Hak Perempuan di India. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from dw.com website: https://www.dw.com/id/berjuang-bagi-hak-perempuan-di-india/a-17481630
Wion. (2022, June 24). International Day of Women in Diplomacy: Here are top Indian women diplomats making their mark globally. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from WION website: https://www.wionews.com/photos/in-pics-indias-top-women-diplomats-in-international-diplomacy-491274#vidisha-maitra-491273
Yudhistira Mahabarata. (2020). Perdana Menteri Perempuan Pertama India Itu Bernama Indira Gandhi. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan website: https://voi.id/memori/1884/perdana-menteri-perempuan-pertama-india-itu-bernama-indira-gandhi
Laporan:
Adi Ahdiat. (2022, April 3). Indeks Kesenjangan Gender Negara G20, di Mana Posisi Indonesia? Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Katadata.co.id website: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/04/indeks-kesenjangan-gender-negara-g20-di-mana-posisi-indonesia
Bhattacharya, A. (2019, February 6). What are the causes of gender inequality in India? Retrieved January 30, 2023, from World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/causes-gender-inequality-india/
Discrimination, I. (2018). Oxfam India. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Oxfamindia.org website: https://www.oxfamindia.org/press-release/india-discrimination-report-women-india-earn-less-and-get-fewer-jobs
Gender equality. (2022, March 3). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Inter-Parliamentary Union website: https://www.ipu.org/impact/gender-equality
Human Rights Watch. (2018). Human Rights Watch Submission to the CEDAW Committee of Saudi Arabia's Periodic Report 69th Session. New York: Human Rights Watch Org.
IPU. (2022). Global and regional averages of women in national parliaments. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Parline: the IPU?s Open Data Platform website: https://data.ipu.org/women-averages?month=12&year=2022
IPU. (2022). Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Parline: the IPU?s Open Data Platform website: https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=12&year=2022
International Labour Organization. 2018. Women at Work in G20 Countries: Progress and Policy Action. Paper prepared under Japan?s G20 Presidency.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2023). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Inter-Parliamentary Union website: https://www.ipu.org/
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2016). Vision 2030 : a Transformation Story. Riyadh: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Government.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2020). Vision 2030 Achievements 2016-2020. Riyadh: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Ministry of Labor and Social Development Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2016). Saudi Arabia Labor Market Report 2016. Riyadh: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Radhakrishnan, V. (2020, September 30). Data | 92% Indian women take part in unpaid domestic work; only 27% men do so. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from Thehindu.com website: https://www.thehindu.com/data/92pc-indian-women-take-part-in-unpaid-domestic-work-only-27pc-men-do-so/article32729100.ece