Issue

Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): APRIL

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

An overview of illegal parrot trade in Maluku and North Maluku Provinces

https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v4i1.7316
Ayu Diyah Setiyani
Nature Resources Conservation Agency of Maluku (BKSDA Maluku)
Mukhtar Amin Ahmadi
Nature Resources Conservation Agency of Maluku (BKSDA Maluku)

Corresponding Author(s) : Ayu Diyah Setiyani

ayu.diyah.s@gmail.com

Forest and Society, Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): APRIL

Abstract

Maluku is widely considered as a global avifauna hotspot. However, illegal parrot trades threatens numerous species to extinction. To date, there is no study on the extent of illegal trade in Maluku, which as a result, hampers efforts at targeting conservation initiatives. The aims of this study are to identify the pattern of illegal parrot trade, to identify factors that contribute to illegal parrot trade, and to identify actors involved in illegal parrot trade in Maluku and North Maluku Provinces. The study found that the number of wildlife rescued in 2018 was 1,402 individuals. Surprisingly, 84% (1,177 individuals) of the rescued wildlife were birds and approximately 96% (1,135 individuals) of the birds were parrots. Furthermore, the most commonly rescued parrots (90%) were from illegal trade seizures, and the remainder were handed over voluntarily by local communities. These trends indicate that the traffic of illegal parrot trade is extremely high. Meanwhile, the small number of handovers for birds indicates that there is an insufficient understanding and awareness among locals about wildlife laws and ecological values. The study identified three factors contributing to illegal parrot trade, which are the high potential for obtaining parrots with exotic appearances; the economic value of wild-caught parrots; and overall accessibility. The characteristics of the trade involved actors that can be defined as subsistence and opportunist harvesters, that work with several intermediaries, and consumers demand for pets. To overcome these challenges, there are two strategies which are proposed based on this research: (1) expand the upstream strategy focusing on protecting parrots in their habitats and empowering local communities to be involved in conservation; and (2) engage more on downstream strategies of emphasizing law enforcement and raising awareness.

Keywords

illegal wildlife trade parrots Maluku conservation challenges and strategies
Setiyani, A. D., & Ahmadi, M. A. (2020). An overview of illegal parrot trade in Maluku and North Maluku Provinces. Forest and Society, 4(1), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v4i1.7316
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Alves, R. R., Lima, J. R., & Araujo, H. F. (2013). The live bird trade in Brazil and its conservation: an overview. Bird Conservation International (23), 53-65.doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S095927091200010X.
  2. Amori, G., & Gippoliti, S. (2001). Identifying priority ecoregions for rodent conservation at the genus level. Oryx , 35, 158-165 doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00164.x
  3. Bashari, H., & Nurdin, K. (2009). Burung Paruh Bengkok Status Perburuan dan Perdagangannya di Maluku Utara 2008-2009. Bogor: Burung Indonesia.
  4. BirdLife-International. (2019). Data Zone: BirdLife Data Zone. Retrieved July 11, 2019, from BirdLife Data Zone: http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/results?thrlev1=&thrlev2=&kw=&fam=67&gen=0&spc=&cmn=&reg=2&cty=100&incvag=Y
  5. BirdLife-International. (2008). State of the world's birds: indicators for our changing world. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.
  6. Bravo, A., & Porzecanski, A. L. (2014). Overexploitation of Parrots in Neotropics. In Lesson in Conservation (pp. 51-56).
  7. Budiani, I., & Raharningrum, F. (2018). Illegal online trade in Indonesian parrots. Geneva, Switzerland.
  8. Coates, B., & Bishop, K. (1997). Birds of Wallacea. Queensland, Australia: Dover Publications.
  9. Cottee-Jones, H., & Mittermeier, J. (2015). An overlooked parrot trade hotspots: North Moluccas, Indonesia. Psittascene , 18-21.
  10. Cottee-Jones, H., Mittermeier, J., Purba, E., Ashuri, N., & Hesdianti, E. (2014). An assesment of the parrot trade on Obi Island (North Moluccas) reveals heavy exploitation of the vulnerable Chattering Lory (Lorius garrulus). Kukila , 1-9.
  11. Dell'amore, C. (2018, June). The humans of the bird world. National Geographic , pp. 92-103.
  12. Direktorat-Jenderal-Perhubungan-Udara. (2019). Bandar Udara. Retrieved July 15, 2019, from Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara: http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?id/bandara
  13. Gilardi, J. D. (2006). Captured for conservation: will cages save wild birds? A response to Cooney and Jepson. Oryx , 40, 24-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306000160
  14. Harris, J. B., Green, J. M., Prawiradilaga, D. M., Giam, X., Giyanto, Hikmatullah, D., et al. (2015). Using market data and expert opinion to identify overexploited species in the wild bird trade. Biological Conservation , 187, 51-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.04.009
  15. Hart, J., Hart, L., Salumu, L., Bernard, A., Abani, R., & Martin, R. (2016). Increasing exploitation of grey parrots in eastern DRC drives population declines. Oryx , 50 (16). doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001234
  16. Jepson, P. (2010). Towards an Inndonesian Bird Conservation Ethos: Reflections from a Study of Bird-keeping in the Cities of Java and Bali. In S. Tideman, & A. Golser (Eds.), Ethno-ornitology: Birds, indigenous peoples, culture and society. (pp. 314-330). Earthscan.
  17. Jepson, P., & Ladle, R. J. (2005). Bird-keeping in Indonesia: conservation impacts and the potential for substitution-based conservation responses. Oryx , 39 (4), 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605305001110
  18. Lee, R. J., Gorog, A. J., Dwiyahreni, A., Siwu, S., Riley, J., Alexander, H., Paoli G.D., & Ramono, W. (2005). Wildlife trade and implications for law enforcement in Indonesia: a case study from North Sulawesi. Biological Conservation, 123(4), 477-488. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.009
  19. Lepage, D. (2019, June 16). Avi Base-Bird Checklist of The World Maluku Islands. Retrieved July 10, 2019, from Avi Base-The World Bird Database: https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=IDma
  20. Low, R. (1997, May/Juni). The endangered parrots in Indonesia. afa WATCHBIRD , pp. 55-62.
  21. Martin, R. (2018). The wild bird trade and African parrots: past, present and future challenges. Ostrich , 89(2), 139-143. doi: https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2017.1397787
  22. May, C. (2017). Transnational Crime and the Developing World. Global Financial Integrity.
  23. Milner-Gulland, E. (2018). Documenting and tackling illegal wildlife trade: change and continuity over 40 years. Oryx , 52(4), 597-598. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605318001047
  24. Ministry-of-Transportation. (1997). Rencana Induk Pelabuhan Nasional (National Port Master Plan). Ministry of Transportation.
  25. Monk, K., de Fretes, Y., & Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1997). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Singapore: Periplus Editions.
  26. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R., Mittermier, C., da Fonseca, G., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature , 403, 853-858. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501.
  27. Nijman, V. (2010). An overview of international wildlife trade from Southeast Asia. Biodivers. Conserv. (19), 1101-1114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9758-4
  28. Pheleps, J., Biggs, D., & Webb, E. L. (2016). Tools and terms for understanding illegal wildlife trade. The Ecological Society of America , 14 (9), 476-489. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1325.
  29. Pires, S. (2012). The illegal parrot trade: a litterature review. Global Crime , 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2012.700180
  30. Sahide, M. A. K., Fisher, M. R., Maryudi, A., Dhiaulhaq, A., Wulandari, C., Kim, Y. S., & Giessen, L. (2018). Deadlock opportunism in contesting conservation areas in Indonesia. Land use policy, 77, 412-424.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.020
  31. Shepherd, C. R. (2006). The bird trade in Medan, North Sumatra: An Overview. BirdingASIA (5), 16-24.
  32. Tamalene, M., Hasan, S., & Kartika. (2019). Local knowledge and community behaviour in the exploitation of parrot in surrounding area of Aketajawe Lolobata National Park. Biosfer: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi , 12, 24-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.21009/biosferjpb.v12n1.24-33
  33. Weston, M., & Memon, M. (2009). The illegal parrot trade in Latin America and its concequences to parrot nutrition, health, and conservation. Bird Population , 9, 76-83.
  34. Wilson-Wilde, L. (2010). Wildlife crime: a global problem. Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol. (6), 221-222. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-010-9167-8
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF