Issue

Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): APRIL

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

New land governance models and management scenarios: Fitting Forest Management Units (FMUs) for forested landscapes outside forest zones in Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i1.23962
Muhammad Haidar Daulay
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-699X
Fitria Dewi Susanti
Sebijak Institute (Research Center for Forest Policy & History), Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8680-0142
Dwi Laraswati
Sebijak Institute (Research Center for Forest Policy & History), Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1238-9581
Erliza C. Arthalina
Sebijak Institute (Research Center for Forest Policy & History), Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7043-8954
Ahmad Maryudi
Center for Forest Policy and History Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5051-7217

Corresponding Author(s) : Ahmad Maryudi

ahmad_maryudi@ugm.ac.id

Forest and Society, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): APRIL

Abstract

Many parts of non-forest zones (Areal untuk Penggunaaan Lain/APL) in Indonesia are forested but are however under intense pressure from unsustainable practices and conversion. To help preserve forested APL zones, the Ministry of Environment of Forestry is envisioning the integration of forested APL areas into the operational activities of the Forest Management Units/ FMUs (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan/KPH), a management arm of the forest administration. Under the current governance arrangements, FMUs are not tasked to manage the areas. In this paper, we developed new governance arrangements and management scenarios that permit management of forested APL by FMUs based on iterative processes and intensive consultation with related stakeholders. We developed three plausible broad scenarios: 1) the handing over forested APLs to FMUs, 2) co-management, and 3) FMUs to provide technical assistance for preserving forested APLs. We further detailed the three scenarios into five different models. Our scenarios of institutional arrangements and management models are by no means prescriptive and readily operationalized on the ground. Instead, the processes by which the scenarios and models were developed can be adopted when the FMUs intend to develop more detailed scenarios that reflect specific situations and conditions.

Keywords

Fragmented governance Land governance Governance innovations Forest management KPH Landscape approach
Daulay, M. H., Susanti, F. D., Laraswati, D., Arthalina, E. C., & Maryudi, A. (2023). New land governance models and management scenarios: Fitting Forest Management Units (FMUs) for forested landscapes outside forest zones in Indonesia. Forest and Society, 7(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i1.23962
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Ardiansyah, F., Marthen, A. A., & Amalia, N. (2015). Forest and land-use governance in a decentralized Indonesia: A legal and policy review. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
  2. Arts, B., Buizer, M., Horlings, L., Ingram, V., Van Oosten, C., & Opdam, P. (2017). Landscape approaches: a state-of-the-art review. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42, 439-463. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060932
  3. Austin, K. G., Schwantes, A., Gu, Y., & Kasibhatla, P. S. (2019). What causes deforestation in Indonesia?. Environmental Research Letters, 14(2), 024007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6db. 024007
  4. Axelsson, R., Angelstam, P., Elbakidze, M., Stryamets, N., & Johansson, K. E. (2011). Sustainable development and sustainability: Landscape approach as a practical interpretation of principles and implementation concepts. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 4(3), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10285-012-0040-1
  5. Bae, J. S. (2016). Perception of local community on forest partnership in indonesia: expectation and challenges-a case of forest partnership between forest management unit and local community in Lombok. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science, 105(3), 366-376. http://doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2016.105.3.366
  6. Balint, P. J., Stewart, R. E., Desai, A., & Walters, L. C. (2011). Wicked Environmental Problems: Managing Uncertainty and Conflict. Island Press.
  7. Berenschot, W., & Van Klinken, G. (2018). Informality and citizenship: the everyday state in Indonesia. Citizenship studies, 22(2), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13621025.2018.1445494
  8. Brandi, C., Cabani, T., Hosang, C., Schirmbeck, S., Westermann, L., & Wiese, H. (2015). Sustainability standards for palm oil: challenges for smallholder certification under the RSPO. The Journal of Environment & Development, 24(3), 292-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496515593775
  9. Brockhaus, M., Obidzinski, K., Dermawan, A., Laumonier, Y., & Luttrell, C. (2012). An overview of forest and land allocation policies in Indonesia: Is the current framework sufficient to meet the needs of REDD+?. Forest policy and economics, 18, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.09.004
  10. Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods. Oxford University Press.
  11. Budiningsih, K., Nurfatriani, F., Salminah, M., Ulya, N. A., Nurlia, A., Setiabudi, I. M., & Mendham, D. S. (2022). Forest Management Units' Performance in Forest Fire Management Implementation in Central Kalimantan and South Sumatra. Forests, 13(6), 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060894
  12. Directorate General of Climate Change Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2018, July 11). KPH Sebagai Ujung Tombak Pelaksanaan REDD+ Di Tingkat Tapak dalam rangka Mendukung Pencapaian Target Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Mitigasi Sektor Kehutanan. Retrieved from http://ditjenppi.menlhk. go.id/berita-ppi/3156-kph-sebagai%09ujungtombak% 09pelaksanaan-redd-di-tingkat-tapak-dalam-rangka-mendukung%09pencapaiantarget%09nationally-determined-contributions-ndc-mitigasi-sektor%09kehutanan.html
  13. Ekawati, E., Rumboko, L., Rochmayanto, Y., Kushartini, S.F., & Muttaqin, Z. (2014). Kebijakan Land Swap Mungkinkah Dilakukan?. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Kebijakan dan Perubahan Iklim (P3SEKPI).
  14. Fatem, S. M., Awang, S. A., Pudyatmoko, S., Sahide, M. A., Pratama, A. A., & Maryudi, A. (2018). Camouflaging economic development agendas with forest conservation narratives: A strategy of lower governments for gaining authority in the re-centralising Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 78, 699-710. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.018
  15. Freeman, O. E., Duguma, L. A., & Minang, P. A. (2015). Operationalizing the integrated landscape approach in practice. Ecology and Society, 20(1), 1-19. http://doi.org/ 10.5751/ES07175-200124
  16. Giessen, L., & Krott, M. (2009). Forestry Joining Integrated Programmes? A question of willingness, ability and opportunities. Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung, 180(5-6), 94-100.
  17. Harvey, C. A., Chacon, M., Donatti, C. I., Garen, E., Hannah, L., Andrade, A., ... & Wollenberg, E. (2014). Climate-smart landscapes: opportunities and challenges for integrating adaptation and mitigation in tropical agriculture. Conservation Letters, 7(2), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12066
  18. Hengeveld, G. M., Sch?ll, E., Trubins, R., & Salln?s, O. (2017). Forest Landscape Development Scenarios (FoLDS)-A framework for integrating forest models, owners' behaviour and socio-economic developments. Forest policy and Economics, 85, 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.03.007
  19. Hogl, K. (2002). Reflections on inter-sectoral co-ordination in national forest programmes. In P?ivinen, R., Korhonen, M., & Pajari, B. (Eds.), Cross-Sectoral Policy Impacts on Forests (pp. 75-90). EFI Proceedings No. 46. European Forest Institute.
  20. Kalimantan Forest Project (KalFor). (2018). Strengthening forest area planning and management. Retrieved from https://kalimantanforest.org/en/Kalimantan
  21. Kartodihardjo, H., Nugroho, B., & Putro, H.R. (2011). Forest Management Unit (FMU) Development: Concept, Legislation, and Implementation. Ministry of Forestry Republic of Indonesia.
  22. Kartodihardjo, H. (2017). Designation and regulation of essential ecosystem areas. In Sukara, E., Alikodra, H. S., Kartodihardjo, H., Putro, H. R., Roemantyo, R., & Pindi, S. (Eds.), Management of Essential Ecosystem Areas (pp. 101-11). Winrock International.
  23. Kim, Y. S., Bae, J. S., Fisher, L. A., Latifah, S., Afifi, M., Lee, S. M., & Kim, I. A. (2016). Indonesia's forest management units: effective intermediaries in REDD+ implementation?. Forest Policy and Economics, 62, 69-77. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.forpol.2015.09.004
  24. Kumar, R. (2014). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners (4th Edition). SAGE Publications Ltd.
  25. Laraswati, D., Rahayu, S., Pratama, A. A., Soraya, E., Sahide, M. A., & Maryudi, A. (2020). Problem-method fit in forest policy analysis: Empirical pre-orientation for selecting tested or innovative social-qualitative methods. MethodsX, 7, 100794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2020.100794
  26. Maryudi, A. (2015). The political economy of forest land-use, the timber sector, and forest certification. In Romero, C., Putz, F. E., Guariguata, M. R., Sills, E. O., Maryudi, A., & Ruslandi, R. (Eds.), The Context of Natural Forest Management and FSC Certification in Indonesia (pp. 9-34). Occasional Paper 126. CIFOR.
  27. McCarthy, J. F., Robinson, K., & Dhiaulhaq, A. (2018). Addressing Adverse Formalisation: The Land Question in Outer Island Indonesia. In Bedner, A., & Oomen, B. (Eds.), Real Legal Certainty and Its Relevance: Essays in honor of Jan Michiel Otto (pp. 28-45). Leiden University Press.
  28. Milder, J. C., Hart, A. K., Dobie, P., Minai, J., & Zaleski, C. (2014). Integrated landscape initiatives for African agriculture, development, and conservation: a region-wide assessment. World Development, 54, 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev. 2013.07.006
  29. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry / MoEF. (2020). The State of Indonesia's Forests 2020. MoEF.
  30. Ministry of the Environment and Forestry / MoEF. (2022). Sinpasdok KPH+. Retrieved from http://kph.menlhk.go.id/sinpasdok/
  31. Myers, R., Intarini, D., Sirait, M. T., & Maryudi, A. (2017). Claiming the forest: Inclusions and exclusions under Indonesia's 'new' forest policies on customary forests. Land Use Policy, 66, 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.039
  32. Peluso, N. L. (1995). Whose woods are these? Counter‐mapping forest territories in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Antipode, 27(4), 383-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 14678330.1995.tb00286.x
  33. Pillkahn, U. (2008). Using Trends and Scenarios as Tools for Strategy Development: Shaping the Future of Your Enterprise. John Wiley & Sons.
  34. Rahayu, S., Laraswati, D., Pratama, A. A., Permadi, D. B., Sahide, M. A., & Maryudi, A. (2019). Research trend: Hidden diamonds-The values and risks of online repository documents for forest policy and governance analysis. Forest Policy and Economics, 100, 254-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.01.009
  35. Ramdhaniaty, N., Tillah, M., Andriani, D., & Kartodihardjo, H. (2019). Belajar dari Pra dan Pasca Hutan Adat di Indonesia: Menuju Percepatan Hutan Adat yang Berkualitas (Studi di Tujuh Lokasi Hutan Adat). Rimbawan Muda Indonesia.
  36. Reed, J., Ickowitz, A., Chervier, C., Djoudi, H., Moombe, K., Ros-Tonen, M., ... & Sunderland, T. (2020). Integrated landscape approaches in the tropics: A brief stock-take. Land Use Policy, 99, 104822. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.landusepol.2020.104822
  37. Barr, C., Resosudarmo, I. A., Dermawan, A., & Setiono, B. (2006). Decentralization's effects on forest concessions and timber production. In Barr, C. M., Resosudarmo, I. A. P., Dermawan, A., McCarthy, J., Moeliono, M., & Setiono, B. (Eds.)., Decentralization of forest administration in Indonesia: Implications for forest sustainability, economic development, and community livelihoods (pp. 87-107). CIFOR.
  38. Riggs, R. A., Sayer, J., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K., Langston, J. D., & Sutanto, H. (2016). Forest tenure and conflict in Indonesia: Contested rights in Rempek Village, Lombok. Land Use Policy, 57, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.landusepol.2016.06.002
  39. Ros-Tonen, M. A., Reed, J., & Sunderland, T. (2018). From synergy to complexity: the trend toward integrated value chain and landscape governance. Environmental Management, 62(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1055-0
  40. Sahide, M. A. K., & Giessen, L. (2015). The fragmented land use administration in Indonesia: Analysing bureaucratic responsibilities influencing tropical rainforest transformation systems. Land Use Policy, 43, 96-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. landusepol.2014.11.005
  41. Sahide, M. A. K., Supratman, S., Maryudi, A., Kim, Y. S., & Giessen, L. (2016a). Decentralisation policy as recentralisation strategy: forest management units and community forestry in Indonesia. International Forestry Review, 18(1), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554816818206168
  42. Sahide, M. A. K., Maryudi, A., Supratman, S., & Giessen, L. (2016b). Is Indonesia utilising its international partners? The driving forces behind Forest Management Units. Forest Policy and Economics, 69, 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol. 2016.04.002
  43. Sahide, M. A. K., Fisher, M., Nasri, N., Dharmiasih, W., Verheijen, B., & Maryudi, A. (2020a). Anticipating a new conservation bureaucracy? Land and power in Indonesia's Essential Ecosystem Area policy. Land Use Policy, 97, 104789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104789. 104789
  44. Sahide, M. A. K., Fisher, M. R., Erbaugh, J. T., Intarini, D., Dharmiasih, W., Makmur, M., ... & Maryudi, A. (2020b). The boom of social forestry policy and the bust of social forests in Indonesia: Developing and applying an access-exclusion framework to assess policy outcomes. Forest Policy and Economics, 120, 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102290
  45. Sandker, M., Campbell, B. M., Ruiz-P?rez, M., Sayer, J. A., Cowling, R., Kassa, H., & Knight, A. T. (2010). The role of participatory modeling in landscape approaches to reconcile conservation and development. Ecology and Society, 15(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03400-150213
  46. Satuan Kelembagaan STP REDD+ Indonesia. (2012). Strategi Nasional REDD+. Satgas REDD+ Indonesia.
  47. Sayer, J., Sunderland, T., Ghazoul, J., Pfund, J. L., Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., ... & Buck, L. E. (2013). Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(21), 8349-8356. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1210595110
  48. Sayer, J. A., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K., Sunderland, T., Langston, J. D., Reed, J., ... & Purnomo, A. (2017). Measuring the effectiveness of landscape approaches to conservation and development. Sustainability Science, 12, 465-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0415-z
  49. Sch?ll, E., & Hoogstra-Klein, M. A. (2017). Introduction to the special issue on ?Scenario analysis for forest policy and forest management-New insights and experiences". Forest Policy and Economics, 85, 217-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol. 2017.10.005
  50. Simarmata, R. (2019). The enforceability of formalised customary land rights in Indonesia. Australian Journal of Asian Law, 19(2), 299-313.
  51. Sirajuddin, Z., Fitriaty, P., & Shen, Z. (2022). Pengataa, ToKaili Customary Spatial Planning: A record of tropical settlements in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Forest and Society, 6(2), 547-569. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i2.14310
  52. Subadrudi, E.S. (2019). Pencapaian Target NDC dan Peran Swasta. In Ekawati, S., Dharmawan, I. W. S., Wardoyo, W., Rusolono, T., Anwar, S., & Subarudi, S. (Eds.), Membumikan program REDD+ di Kalimantan Timur (pp. 17-26). IPB Press.
  53. Tempo. (2019). KLHK Dorong KPH Jadi Pendamping Hutan Sosial. Accessed March 20 2022, from https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1219256/klhk-dorong-kph-jadi-pendamping-hutan-sosial
  54. Timmins, H. (2017). Opsi Legal Perlindungan Hutan pada Lahan Zona Pertanian di Indonesia. TFT.
  55. Tropenbos Indonesia. (2019). Konservasi di Luar Kawasan Konservasi (KEE): Pembelajaran dari Kalimantan Barat. Tropenbos Indonesia.
  56. United Nations Development Programme [UNDP Indonesia]. (2020). Forest Area Planning & Management in Kalimantan (KalFor). Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/indonesia/en/home/projects/hydrofluorocarbonshaseout-management-plan--hpmp-11
  57. United States Agency for International Development [USAID]. (2019). Briefing Paper: Potret Pembangunan Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial (KEE) di Indonesia. USAID.
  58. United States Agency for International Development [USAID]. (2020). Pendekatan Multi stakeholder Tingkatkan Pengelolaan Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial. Bijak Bul. USAID VII(July-September).
  59. Van der Muur, W. (2018). Forest conflicts and the informal nature of realizing indigenous land rights in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 160-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445495
  60. Zhu, J., & Simarmata, H. A. (2015). Formal land rights versus informal land rights: Governance for sustainable urbanization in the Jakarta metropolitan region, Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 43, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol. 2014.10.016
Read More

Author Biographies

Muhammad Haidar Daulay, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
   
Fitria Dewi Susanti, Sebijak Institute (Research Center for Forest Policy & History), Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
   
Dwi Laraswati, Sebijak Institute (Research Center for Forest Policy & History), Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
   
Ahmad Maryudi, Center for Forest Policy and History Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Scopus Author ID: 48461414700 ; h-index 11: Professor Maryudi holds a PhD in Forest Development Policy from Göttingen University. His research interests include forest policy analysis, forest governance, community forestry policy, small-scale forestry in Indonesia. He serves as a deputy chair of IUFRO's Forest Policy and Governance division & an Associate Editor at Forest Policy and Economics  
Download this PDF file
PDF