Issue

Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): APRIL

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Peatland fire regime across Riau peat hydrological unit, Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i1.21996
Annuri Rossita
Applied Climatology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1777-2678
Rizaldi Boer
Applied Climatology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5366-946X
Lars Hein
Environmental System Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4651-2875
Dodik Nurrochmat
Forest Management, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-8612
Akhmad Riqqi
Geodecy, Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0713-7208

Corresponding Author(s) : Rizaldi Boer

rizaldiboer@gmail.com

Forest and Society, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): APRIL

Abstract

Peatland stretches across approximately 8% of Indonesia's land area. Peat fire disturbance, which affects the carbon dynamics of the ecosystem, will determine the country's vision for a long-term strategy for low carbon development. While the impact of excessive draining on peatland fire is well-known to the scientific community, much less is known about peatland fire regimes in distinctive land management systems. We examined the effect of land use, land management, and climatic factors in peatland fires. The examination was performed at the Peat Hydrological Unit at Gaung?Batang Tuaka, Riau, Indonesia. We used a semi-automatic approach to determine the area of burned peatland and used a spatial analysis tool to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of peatland fire in the region. Our results demonstrate an increasing trend of peatland fires between 2001 and 2020, with 33% of the burned peatland undergoing multiple fires. The bulk of the burned land was covered by either wet shrubs or estate crops, with the area of burned wet shrub-land cover was two times higher than the burned estate crop-land cover. Concerning peatland draining, this study found a positive correlation between draining intensity, as represented by canal density, and burned area in peatland forests. In managed and unmanaged land, canal density had no apparent correlation with the area of peatland burned; however, we found that the weighted area of burned peatland was, on average, seven times higher in the unmanaged area compared to the managed area. These findings urgently demand an increase in community participation in the utilization of unmanaged land and prompt execution of peatland rewetting in drained peat forests. While the government of Indonesia has developed a social forestry and agrarian reform scheme to enable the legal utilization of unproductive land in forest areas, we argue that greater impacts can only be achieved if environmental services incentive schemes escalate non-party actors' participation.

Keywords

Fire regime KHG-based Peatland fire Peatland management Spatio-temporal pattern
Rossita, A., Boer, R., Hein, L., Nurrochmat, D., & Riqqi, A. (2023). Peatland fire regime across Riau peat hydrological unit, Indonesia. Forest and Society, 7(1), 76-94. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i1.21996
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Agus, F., Santosa, I., Dewi, S., Setyanto, P., Thamrin, S., Wulan, Y. C., & Suryaningrum, F. (2013). Pedoman teknis penghitungan baseline emisi dan serapan gas rumah kaca sektor berbasis lahan. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional.
  2. Albar, I., Jaya, I. N. S., Saharjo, B. H., Kuncahyo, B., & Vadrevu, K. P. (2018). Spatio-temporal analysis of land and forest fires in Indonesia using MODIS active fire dataset. In K. P. Vadrevu, T. Ohara, & C. Justice (Eds.), Land-atmospheric research applications in South and Southeast Asia (pp. 105-127). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67474-2_6
  3. Anshari, G. Z., Gusmayanti, E., & Novita, N. (2021). The use of subsidence to estimate carbon loss from deforested and drained tropical peatlands in Indonesia. Forests, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060732
  4. Ballhorn, U., Siegert, F., Mason, M., & Limin, S. (2009). Derivation of burn scar depths and estimation of carbon emissions with LIDAR in Indonesian peatlands. PNAS, 106(50), 21213?21218. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1073/pnas
  5. Cattau, M. E., Harrison, M. E., Shinyo, I., Tungau, S., Uriarte, M., & DeFries, R. (2016). Sources of anthropogenic fire ignitions on the peat-swamp landscape in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Global Environmental Change, 39, 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.005
  6. Chanda, K., & Maity, R. (2015). Meteorological drought quantification with standardized precipitation anomaly index for the regions with strongly seasonal and periodic precipitation. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 20(12), 06015007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001236
  7. Direktorat IPSDH. (2015). Pemantauan sumber daya hutan Indonesia. Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.
  8. Field, R. D., Van Der Werf, G. R., & Shen, S. S. P. (2009). Human amplification of drought-induced biomass burning in Indonesia since 1960. Nature Geoscience, 2(3), 185?188. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo443
  9. Gaveau, D. L., Salim, M. A., Hergoualc'h, K., Locatelli, B., Sloan, S., Wooster, M., ... & Sheil, D. (2014). Major atmospheric emissions from peat fires in Southeast Asia during non-drought years: evidence from the 2013 Sumatran fires. Scientific reports, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06112
  10. Giesen, W. (2013). Paludiculture: sustainable alternatives on degraded peat land in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15539.73760
  11. Goldstein , J. E., Graham, L., Ansori, S., Vetrita, Y., Thomas, A., Applegate, G., ... & Cochrane, M. A. (2020). Beyond slash-and-burn: The roles of human activities, altered hydrology and fuels in peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 41(2), 190-208. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/sjtg.12319
  12. Gunawan, H. (2018). Indonesian Peatland Functions: Initiated Peatland Restoration and Responsible Management of Peatland for the Benefit of Local Community, Case Study in Riau and West Kalimantan Provinces. In Lopez, M., & Suryomenggolo, J. (Eds.), Environmental Resources Use and Challenges in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Tropical Ecosystems in Transition (pp. 117?138). Springer. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-981-10-8881-0_6
  13. Gunawan, H., Kobayashi, S., Mizuno, K., Kono, Y., & Kozan, O. (2016). Sustainable Management Model for Peatland Ecosystems in the Riau, Sumatra. In M. Osaki & N. Tsuji (Eds.), Tropical Peatland Ecosystems (pp. 113?123). Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_7
  14. Harrison, M. E., Page, S. E., & Limin, S. H. (2009). The global impact of Indonesian forest fires. Biologist, 56(3), 156?163.
  15. Hayasaka, H., Takahashi, H., Limin, S. H., Yulianti, N., & Usup, A. (2016). Peat fire occurrence. In M. Osaki & N. Tsuji (Eds.), Tropical peatland ecosystems (pp. 377?395). Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_25
  16. Hirano, T., Segah, H., Kusin, K., Limin, S., Takahashi, H., & Osaki, M. (2012). Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests. Global Change Biology, 18(11), 3410?3422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652486.2012. 02793.x
  17. Hirano, T., Sundari, S., & Yamada, H. (2016). CO2 Balance of Tropical Peat Ecosystems. In M. Osaki & N. Tsuji (Eds.), Tropical Peatland Ecosystems (pp. 329?337). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_21
  18. Hooijer, A., Page, S., Canadell, J. G., Silvius, M., & Kwadijk, J. (2010). Current and future CO 2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia. 1505?1514. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1505-2010
  19. Hoscilo, A., Page, S. E., & Tansey, K. (2008). The role of fire in the degradation of tropical peatlands: a case study from Central Kalimantan. In W?sten, J.H.M., Rieley, J.O. & Page, S.E. (Eds.), Restoration of tropical peatlands (pp. 139-142). ALTERRA.
  20. IPCC. (2021). Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press.
  21. Jauhiainen, J., Limin, S., Silvennoinen, H., & Vasander, H. (2008). Carbon Dioxide and Methane Fluxes in Drained Tropical Peat before and after Hudrological Restoration. Ecology, 89(12), 3503?3514. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2038.1
  22. Jayarathne, T., Stockwell, C. E., Gilbert, A. A., Daugherty, K., Cochrane, M. A., Ryan, K. C., ... & Stone, E. A. (2018). Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Ni?o. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(4), 2585-2600.. https://doi.org/10.5194/ acp-18-2585-2018
  23. Khasanah, N., & van Noordwijk, M. (2019). Subsidence and carbon dioxide emissions in a smallholder peatland mosaic in Sumatra, Indonesia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 24(1), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-018-9803-2
  24. Könönen, M., Jauhiainen, J., Straková, P., Heinonsalo, J., Laiho, R., Kusin, K., ... & Vasander, H. (2018). Deforested and drained tropical peatland sites show poorer peat substrate quality and lower microbial biomass and activity than unmanaged swamp forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 123,229-241. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.04.028
  25. LAPAN. (2015). Pedoman pemanfaatan data LANDSAT-8 untuk deteksi daerah terbakar (burned area) (Issue September 2014). LAPAN.
  26. Leifeld, J., W?st-Galley, C., & Page, S. (2019). Intact and managed peatland soils as a source and sink of GHGs from 1850 to 2100. Nature Climate Change, 9(12), 945?947. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0615-5
  27. Lestari, I., Murdiyarso, D., & Taufik, M. (2022). Rewetting Tropical Peatlands Reduced Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Riau Province , Indonesia.
  28. Lisnawati, Y., Yuwati, T. W., Sovy, M. V., Basuki, I., Tryanto, D. H., Utomo, N. A., ... & Ansori, T. R. (2019). Inisiasi Paludikultur di indonesia: Pilihan Komoditi Restorasi Kesatuan Hidrologis Gambut. Kedeputian Bidang Penelitian dan Pengembangan Badan Restorasi Gambut Republik Indonesia (BRG-RI).
  29. Marlier, M. E., DeFries, R. S., Kim, P. S., Koplitz, S. N., Jacob, D. J., Mickley, L. J., & Myers, S. S. (2015). Fire emissions and regional air quality impacts from fires in oil palm, timber, and logging concessions in Indonesia. Environmental Research Letters, 10(8), 085005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085005
  30. Medrilzam, M., Dargusch, P., Herbohn, J., & Smith, C. (2014). The socio-ecological drivers of forest degradation in part of the tropical peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forestry, 87(2), 335?345. https://doi.org/10.1093/ forestry/cpt033
  31. Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2011). Influence of peatland and land cover distribution on fire regimes in insular Southeast Asia. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1), 191?201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0131-7
  32. Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2017). Fire Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with Special Emphasis on Peatland Fires. Environmental Management, 60(4), 747?757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0911-7
  33. Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2017). Laporan inventarisasi GRK dan monitoring, pelaporan, dan verifikasi. Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
  34. Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2018). Corrective action tata kelola gambut di Indonesia menuju ekosistem gambut berkelanjutan. Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
  35. Mishra, S., Page, S. E., Cobb, A. R., Lee, J. S. H., Jovani-Sancho, A. J., Sj?gersten, S., ... & Wardle, D. A. (2021). Degradation of Southeast Asian tropical peatlands and integrated strategies for their better management and restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(7), 1370?1387. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13905
  36. Nur?utami, M. N., & Hidayat, R. (2016). Influences of IOD and ENSO to Indonesian Rainfall Variability: Role of Atmosphere-ocean Interaction in the Indo-pacific Sector. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, 196?203. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.proenv.2016.03.070
  37. Nurdiati, S., Sopaheluwakan, A., & Septiawan, P. (2021). Spatial and temporal analysis of El Ni?o impact on land and forest fire in Kalimantan and Sumatra. Agromet Indonesia, 35(1), 1?10. https://doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.35.1.1-10
  38. Nurdiati, S., Sopaheluwakan, A., & Septiawan, P. (2022). Joint Distribution Analysis of Forest Fires and Precipitation in Response to ENSO, IOD, and MJO (Study Case: Sumatra, Indonesia). Atmosphere, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos 13040537
  39. Page, S. E., Rieley, J. O., & Banks, C. J. (2011). Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology, 17(2), 798-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x
  40. Page, S. E., Hoscilo, A., W?sten, H., Jauhiainen, J., Silvius, M., Rieley, J, ... & Limin, S. (2009). Restoration ecology of lowland tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia: current knowledge and future research directions. Ecosystems, 12(6), 888?905. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10021-008-9216-2
  41. Prayoto, Ishihara, M. I., Firdaus, R., & Nakagoshi, N. (2017). Peatland Fires in Riau, Indonesia, in Relation to Land Cover Type, Land Management, Landholder, and Spatial Management. Journal of Environmental Protection, 08(11), 1312?1332. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2017.811081
  42. Priyono, C., Utomo, N., Tryanto, D., Widasmara, M., Sutikno, S., Widayatsari, A., Qomar, N., Muhammad, A., Istina, I. N., Batoni, Kurniawan, S., Rifai, A., Taryono, Wibisono, M., Savitri, R., Nusirhan, T., Saputra, E., & Hidayati, N. (2019). TORA Lahan Gambut (H. Gunawan (ed.)). Peat Restoration Agency.
  43. Putra, E. I., Cochrane, M. A., Vetrita, Y., Graham, L., & Saharjo, B. H. (2016). Degraded peatlands, ground water level and severe peat fire occurrences. 15th International Peat Congress, January 2010, 327?331. International Peatland Society.
  44. Putra, E. I., & Hayasaka, H. (2011). The effect of the precipitation pattern of the dry season on peat fire occurrence in the Mega Rice Project area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tropics, 19(4), 145?156. https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.19.145
  45. Putra, R., Sutriyono, E., Kadir, S., & Iskandar, I. (2019). Understanding of fire distribution in the South Sumatra peat area during the last two decades. International Journal of GEOMATE, 16(54), 2186?2990. https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.54.8243
  46. Republic of Indonesia. (2016). First Nationally Determined Contribution (Issue November 2016).
  47. Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Long-term Strategy on Low Carbon and Climate Resilience 2050 (LTS-LCCR 2050).
  48. Ritzema, H., Limin, S., Kusin, K., Jauhiainen, J., & W?sten, H. (2014). Canal blocking strategies for hydrological restoration of degraded tropical peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Catena, 114, 11?20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena. 2013.10.009
  49. Roe, S., Streck, C., Obersteiner, M., Frank, S., Griscom, B., Drouet, L., ... & Lawrence, D. (2019). Contribution of the land sector to a 1.5 C world. Nature Climate Change, 9(11), 817?828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9
  50. Rogelj, J., Shindell, D., Jiang, K., Fifita, S., Forster, P., Ginzburg, V., Handa, C., Kheshgi, H., Kobayashi, S., Kriegler, E., Mundaca, L., S?f?rian, R., & Vilari?o, M. V. (2018). Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5?C in the Context of Sustainable Development. In Global Warming of 1.5?C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5?C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change.
  51. Rossita, A., Boer, R., Hein, L., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2019). Comparative Study of Methods to Estimate Historical Peat Burnt Area in Gaung ? Batang Tuaka River of Peat Hydrological Unit (KHG). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
  52. Rossita, A., Boer, R., Hein, L., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2019, November). Comparative study of methods to estimate historical peat burnt area in Gaung?Batang Tuaka river of peat hydrological unit (KHG). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 363(1), 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/363/1/012026
  53. Rossita, A., Nurrochmat, D. R., Boer, R., Hein, L., & Riqqi, A. (2021). Assessing the monetary value of ecosystem services provided by Gaung ? Batang Tuaka Peat Hydrological Unit (KHG), Riau Province. Heliyon, 7(10), e08208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08208
  54. Shiodera, S., Yabe, K., Itoh, M., Kozan, O., Atikah, T. D., & Rahajoe, J. S. (2016). Species composition and environmental factors of grasslands developing on the burnt peatlands in Sumatra, Indonesia. 15th International Peat Congress, 230?232.
  55. Sloan, S., Locatelli, B., Wooster, M. J., & Gaveau, D. L. A. (2017). Fire activity in Borneo driven by industrial land conversion and drought during El Ni?o periods, 1982?2010. Global Environmental Change, 47, 95?109. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.gloenvcha.2017.10.001
  56. Suryadiputra, I. N. N., Dohong, A., Roh, S. B. W., Muslihat, L., Lubis, I. R., Hasudungan, F., & Wibisono., I. T. C. (2005). Panduan penyekatan parit dan saluran di lahan gambut bersama masyarakat. Wetlands International Indonesia.
  57. Tata, H. L. (2019). Paludiculture: Can it be a trade-off between ecology and economic benefit on peatland restoration? IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 394(1), 012061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012061
  58. Taufik, M., Setiawan, B. I., & Van Lanen, H. A. J. (2019). Increased fire hazard in human-modified wetlands in Southeast Asia. Ambio, 48(4), 363?373. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13280-018-1082-3
  59. Taufik, M., Torfs, P. J. J. F., Uijlenhoet, R., Jones, P. D., Murdiyarso, D., & Van Lanen, H. A. J. (2017). Amplification of wildfire area burnt by hydrological drought in the humid tropics. Nature Climate Change, 7(6), 428?431. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nclimate3280
  60. Thoha, A. S., Saharjo, B. H., Boer, R., & Ardiansyah, M. (2017). Forest and land fires hazard level
  61. modeling: case study of Kapuas, Central Kalimantan. In Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia (pp. 539?560). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54466-3_22
  62. Turetsky, M. R., Benscoter, B., Page, S., Rein, G., Van Der Werf, G. R., & Watts, A. (2015). Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss. Nature Geoscience, 8(1), 11?14. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2325
  63. Uda, S. K., Hein, L., & Adventa, A. (2020). Towards better use of Indonesian peatlands with paludiculture and low-drainage food crops. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 28(3), 509?526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-020-09728-x
  64. Vadrevu, K. P., Lasko, K., Giglio, L., Schroeder, W., Biswas, S., & Justice, C. (2019). Trends in Vegetation fires in South and Southeast Asian Countries. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1?13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43940-x
  65. Van der Werf, G. R., Dempewolf, J., Trigg, S. N., Randerson, J. T., Kasibhatla, P. S., Giglio, L., ... & DeFries, R. S. (2008). Climate regulation of fire emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(51), 20350?20355. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.0803375105
  66. Ward, C., Stringer, L. C., Warren-Thomas, E., Agus, F., Crowson, M., Hamer, K., ... & Hill, J. K. (2021). Smallholder perceptions of land restoration activities: rewetting tropical peatland oil palm areas in Sumatra, Indonesia. Regional Environmental Change, 21(1), 1?17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01737-z
  67. Widyastuti, K., Imron, M. A., Pradopo, S. T., Suryatmojo, H., Sopha, B. M., Spessa, A., & Berger, U. (2021). PeatFire: an agent-based model to simulate fire ignition and spreading in a tropical peatland ecosystem. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 30(2), 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19213
  68. W?sten, J. H. M., Van Den Berg, J., Van Eijk, P., Gevers, G. J. M., Giesen, W. B. J. T., Hooijer, A., ... &
  69. Wibisono, I. T. (2006). Interrelationships between hydrology and ecology in fire degraded tropical peat swamp forests. Water Resources Development, 22(1), 157?174. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620500405973
  70. Yuniati, D., Nurrochmat, D. R., Anwar, S., & Darwo, D. (2018). Penetapan pola rehabilitasi pemulihan fungsi ekosistem hutan lindung gambut Sungai Bram Itam di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman, 15(2), 67?85. https://doi.org/10.20886/jpht.2018.15.2.67-85
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF