Issue

Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022): NOVEMBER

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Injustice against Women in a Social Forestry Program: Case Studies from Two Indonesian Villages

https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i2.20006
Dadang Anugrah
Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
Andi Vika Faradiba Muin
Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-8032
Irlan Irlan
Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Universitas Sulawesi Barat, Majene, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-9517
Muhammad Agung Tomasina
Tim Layanan Kehutanan Masyarakat (TLKM) Foundation, Makassar, Indonesia
Nurul Azila
Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
Nurhady Sirimorok
Forest and Society Research Group (FSRG), Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-6396
Novaty Eny Dungga
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonnesia
Syamsu Alam
Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-3299

Corresponding Author(s) : Andi Vika Faradiba Muin

vikafaradiba@unhas.ac.id

Forest and Society, Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022): NOVEMBER

Abstract

Social forestry programs, aimed to reduce poverty in forest communities while maintaining the forest function, are increasingly incorporating gender issues and responsiveness. By design, social forestry program is supposed to promote justice and equality for forest users, but on the ground discriminatory practices against women are occurring. Drawing case study from two Indonesian villages, this study examined the extent of discrimination against women in the implementation of the state social forestry programs. In-depth interviews, observations, and focused group discussions were conducted to collect the data from the villages to analyze the extent of discriminatory practices by using a social justice framework with a three-dimensional approach, namely recognition, representation, and participation, as well as distribution. This study found that women were not recognized as the primary users of forest land (not considered as farmers), low representation and participation of women in the Social Forestry Groups, and unequal distribution of benefits between women and men in obtaining assistance and participation in training for capacity building. Furthermore, gender based discrimination and inequality in social forestry are influenced by local social constructions in the form of patriarchal culture and religious belief. Finally, discrimination against women can take place even in state programs designed to bring justice in the context of joint forestry management, and the formal programs with a degree of gender responsive elements can be succumbed to biased local informal institutions and beliefs.

Keywords

Discrimination Gender Social forestry Social Justice Inequality
Anugrah, D. ., Muin, A. V. F., Irlan, I., Tomasina, M. A. ., Azila, N. ., Sirimorok, N. ., Dungga, N. E. ., & Alam, S. (2022). Injustice against Women in a Social Forestry Program: Case Studies from Two Indonesian Villages. Forest and Society, 6(2), 723-741. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i2.20006
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Acharya, K. P., & Gentle, P. (2006). Improving the effectiveness of collective action: Sharing experiences from community forestry in Nepal. Working Paper 54. CAPRi. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.42493
  2. Agarwal, B. (2009). Gender and forest conservation: The impact of women's participation in community forest governance. Ecological Economics, 68(11), 2785–2799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.025
  3. Agarwal, B. (2000). Conceptualizing Environmental Collective Action: Why Gender Matters. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(3), 283-310. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/cje/24.3.283
  4. Andersson, E., and Lidestav, G. (2016). Creating Alternative Spaces and Articulating Needs: Challenging Gendered Notions of Forestry and Forest Ownership Through women’s Networks. Forest Policy and Economics, 67, 38-44. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.forpol.2016.03.014
  5. Asfaw, A., Leminih, M., Kassa, H., Ewnetu, Z. (2013). Importance, Determinants, and Gender Dimensions of Forest Income in Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia: The Case of Communities Around Jelo Afromontane Forest. Forest Policy and Economics, 28, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.01.005
  6. Batiran, K., Sirimorok, N., Verheijen, B., Fisher, M. R., & Sahide, M. A. K. (2021). Creating Commons: Reflections on Creating Natural Resource Management Regimes in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Forest and Society, 5(2), 619-630. https://doi.org/ 10.24259/fs.v5i2.14768
  7. Benjamin, A. E. (2010). Women in community forestry organizations: An empirical study in Thailand. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 25(9), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2010.506974
  8. Boyer-Rechlin, B. (2010). Women in forestry: a study of Kenya's green belt movement and Nepal's community forestry program. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 25(9), 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2010.506768
  9. Buchy, M., & Rai, B. (2012). Do women-only approaches to natural resource management help women? The case of community forestry in Nepal. In Resurreccion B. P. & Elmhirst, R. (Eds.), Gender and natural resource management (pp. 143-166). Routledge.
  10. Clair, P. C. S. (2016). Community Forest Management, Gender, and Fuelwood Collection in Rural Nepal. Journal of Forest Economics, 24, 52-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jfe.2016.03.002
  11. Colfer, C. J. P., and Minarchek, R. D. (2013a). Introducing'the gender box': a framework for analysing gender roles in forest management. International Forestry Review, 15(4), 411–426. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554813809025694
  12. Colfer, C. J. P., and Minarchek, R. D. (2013b). Perempuan, Laki-Laki, dan Penelitian Hutan: Kajian atas pendekatan, sumber daya, dan metode untuk menangani jender. Occasional Paper 83. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
  13. De Royer, S., Van Noordwijk, M., and Roshetko, J. (2018). Does community-based forest management in Indonesia devolve social justice or social costs?. International Forestry Review, 20(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1505/1465548188237 67609
  14. Dewi, S. U. (2007). Merintis Konservasi, Kesejahteraan, dan Kesetaraan Bersama Bakau. Buku Dari Desa Ke Desa: Dinamika Gender dan Pengelolaan Kekayaan Alam. In Indriatmoko, Y., Yuliani, E. L., Tarigan, Y., Gaban, F., Maulana, F., Munggoro, D. W., Lopulalan, D., & Adnan, H. (Eds.), Dari Desa ke Desa: Dinamika Gender dan Pengelolaan Kekayaan Alam (pp. 9-22). Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
  15. Dhiaulhaq, A., & McCarthy, J. F. (2020). Indigenous rights and agrarian justice framings in forest land conflicts in Indonesia. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 21(1), 34-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2019.1670243
  16. Dove, M. R. (1995). The theory of social forestry intervention: the state of the art in Asia. Agroforestry Systems, 30(3), 315-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705217
  17. Elias, M., Ihalainen, M., Monterroso, I., Gallant, B., and Paez Valencia, A. M. (2021). Enhancing synergies between gender equality and biodiversity, climate, and land degradation neutrality goals: Lessons from gender-responsive nature-based approaches. Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT. https://hdl.handle. net/10568/114844
  18. Elias, M., Grosse, A., and Campbell, N. (2020). Unpacking ‘Gender’ in Joint Forest Management: Lessons from Two Indian States. Geoforum, 111, 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.02.020
  19. Erbaugh, J. T. (2019). Responsibilization and social forestry in Indonesia. Forest Policy Economics, 109, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102019
  20. Fakih, M. (2020). Analisis Gender dan Transformasi Sosial. INSISTPress.
  21. Firdaus, A. Y. (2018). Panduan Praktis Penerapan Kebijakan Perhutanan Sosial: Kerangka Percepatan Reformasi Tenurial Hutan. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
  22. Fisher, M. R., Dhiaulhaq, A., & Sahide, M. A. K. (2019). The politics, economies, and ecologies of Indonesia’s third generation of social forestry: An introduction to the special section. Forest and Society, 3(1), 152-170. https://doi.org/10.24259/ fs.v3i1.6348
  23. Fisher, M. R., Moeliono, M., Mulyana, A., Yuliani, E. L., Adriadi, A., Judda, J., and Sahide, M. A. K. (2018). Assessing the new social forestry project in Indonesia: recognition, livelihood and conservation?. International Forestry Review, 20(3), 346–361. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554818824063014
  24. Fonjong, L., Sama-Lang, I. F., Fomber, L. F. (2012). Implications of Customary Practices on Gender Discrimination in Land Ownership in Cameroon. Ethics and Social Welfare, 6(3), 260-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2012.704637
  25. Food Agriculture Organisation of United Nation. (2020). Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020 – Key findings. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8753en
  26. Fraser, N. (1996). Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Stanford University.
  27. Fraser, N. (1995). From redistribution to recognition? Dilemmas of justice in a ‘post-socialist’ age. New Left Review, 212, 68-68.
  28. Fraser, N. (2009). Social justice in the age of identity politics. Geographic thought: A praxis perspective. In Henderson, G. L. & Waterstone, M. (Eds.), Geographic Thought : A Praxis Perspective (pp. 72-91). Routledge.
  29. Gilmour, D. (2016). Forty years of community-based forestry: A review of its extent and effectiveness. FAO Forestry Paper. FAO.
  30. Giri, K., and Darnhofer, I. (2010). Nepali women using community forestry as a platform for social change. Society Natural Resources, 23(12), 1216–1229. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941921003620533
  31. Gupte, M. (2004). Participation in a gendered environment: The case of community forestry in India. Human Ecology, 32(3), 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1023/ B:HUEC.0000028086.63366.3d
  32. Herrawan, H., Sirimorok, N., Nursaputra, M., Mas' ud, E. I., Faturachmat, F., Sadapotto, A., ... & Sahide, M. A. K. (2022). Commoning the State Forest: Crafting Commons through an Indonesian Social Forestry Program. Forest and Society, 6(1), 20-39. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.10680
  33. Hyde, W. F., Kohlin, G., and Amacher, G. (2000). Social forestry reconsidered. Silva Fennica, 34(3), 285–314. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.632
  34. Indriatmoko Y., Yuliani E.L., Tarigan Y., Gaban F., Maulana F., … & Adnan H., (Eds.). (2007). Dari desa ke desa, dinamika Gender dan Pengelolaan Kekayaan Alam. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR
  35. Jalil, A., Yesi, Y., Sugiyanto, S., Puspitaloka, D., & Purnomo, H. (2021). The Role of Social Capital of Riau Women Farmer Groups in Building Collective Action for Tropical Peatland Restoration. Forest and Society, 5(2), 341-351. https://doi.org/ 10.24259/fs.v5i2.12089
  36. Kahsay, G. A., Nordén, A., & Bulte, E. (2021). Women participation in formal decision-making: Empirical evidence from participatory forest management in Ethiopia. Global Environmental Change, 70, 102363. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.gloenvcha.2021.102363
  37. Lama, A., & Buchy, M. (2002). Gender, class, caste and participation: The case of community forestry in Nepal. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 9(1), 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152150200900102
  38. Ministry of Enviroment and Forestry – MoEF. (2021). Sistem Informasi Perhutanan Sosial. Ministry of Enviroment and Forestry (MoEF)
  39. Ministry of Enviroment and Forestry – MoEF. (2022). Statistik 2022 Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Ministry of Enviroment and Forestry (MoEF)
  40. Moeliono, M., Thuy, P. T., Waty Bong, I., Wong, G. Y., & Brockhaus, M. (2017). Social Forestry - why and for whom? A comparison of policies in Vietnam and Indonesia. Forest and Society, 1(2), 78-97. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i2.2484
  41. Mukasa, C., Tibazalika, A. (2018). Enhancing Women’s Participation in Forestry Management Using Adaptive Collaborative Management: The Case of Mbazzi Farmers Association, Mpigi District Uganda. GLF Brief No. 6. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/112217
  42. Mwangi, E., Meinzen-Dick, R., & Sun, Y. (2011). Gender and sustainable forest management in East Africa and Latin America. Ecology and Society, 16(1). http://www.jstor.org/stable/26268834
  43. Neldisavrino. (2007). Aksi Keloktif Perempuan Kelompok Dasa Wisma. In Indriatmoko, Y., Yuliani, E. L., Tarigan, Y., Gaban, F., Maulana, F., Munggoro, D. W., Lopulalan, D., & Adnan, H. (Eds.), Dari Desa ke Desa: Dinamika Gender dan Pengelolaan Kekayaan Alam (pp. 23-32). Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
  44. Ostwald, M., & Baral, R. (2000). Local forest protection, gender and caste—Dhani Hill, Orissa, India. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 82(3), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2000.00078.x
  45. Patil, S. M. (2016). Class, Caste, and Gender. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. John Wiley &Sons , Ltd.
  46. Patittingi, F. (2020). New Paradigm in Natural Resources Management: Securing Indigenous Peoples Rights. Hasanuddin Law Review, 6(1), 56-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v6i1.2267
  47. Pratama, Ari Caesar. (2021). Pengelolaan Berbasis Gender Pada Hutan Kemasyarakatan Batukliang Utara Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Jurnal Legal Reasoning, 3(2), 80-99. https://doi.org/10.35814/jlr.v3i2.2408
  48. Ragandhi, A., Hadna, A. H., Setiadi, S., & Maryudi, A. (2021). Why do greater forest tenure rights not enthuse local communities? An early observation on the new community forestry scheme in state forests in Indonesia. Forest and Society, 5(1), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v5i1.11723
  49. Sahide, M. A. K., Fisher, M. R., Supratman, S., Yusran, Y., Pratama, A. A., Maryudi, A., ... & Kim, Y. S. (2020). Prophets and profits in Indonesia's social forestry partnership schemes: Introducing a sequential power analysis. Forest Policy and Economics, 115, 102160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102160
  50. Sarin, M. (1995). Regenerating India's forests: Reconciling gender equity with joint forest management. IDS Bulletin 26(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1995.mp26001012.x
  51. Sarker, D., and Das, N. (2002). Women's participation in forestry: Some theoretical issues. Economic Political Weekly 37, 4407–4412. https://www.jstor.org/stable/ 4412774
  52. Setyowati, A. B. (2021). Mitigating inequality with emissions? Exploring energy justice and financing transitions to low carbon energy in Indonesia. Energy Research & Social Science, 71, 101817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101817
  53. Sikor, T., Gritten, D., Atkinson, J., Huy, B., Dahal, G. R., Duangsathaporn, K., ... & Yaqiao, Z. (2013). Community Forestry in Asia-Pacific. The Center for People and Forests (RECOFTC)
  54. Siscawati, M. (2020). Gender and forest tenure reform in Indonesia. Working Paper 258. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
  55. Thompson, H. (1999). Social forestry: An analysis of Indonesian forestry policy. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 29(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/0047233998 0000311
  56. Tyagi., N, and Das., S. (2018). Assessing Gender Responsiveness of Forest Policies in India. Forest Policy and Economics, 92, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.forpol.2018.05.004
  57. Vainio, A., & Paloniemi, R. (2013). Adapting to the gender order: Voluntary conservation by forest owners in Finland. Land Use Policy, 35, 247-256. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.05.017
  58. Vázquez-García, V., & Ortega-Ortega, T. (2017). Gender, local governance and non timber forest products. The use and management of Satureja macrostema in Oaxaca's central valleys, Mexico. Women's Studies International Forum, 65, 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.08.003
  59. Wong, G. Y., Moeliono, M., Bong, I. W., Pham, T. T., Sahide, M.A.K., Naito, D., and Brockhaus, M. (2020). Social forestry in Southeast Asia: Evolving interests, discourses and the many notions of equity. Geoforum, 117, 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.10.010
Read More

Author Biographies

Dadang Anugrah, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
       
Andi Vika Faradiba Muin, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
   
Irlan Irlan, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Universitas Sulawesi Barat, Majene, Indonesia
     
Muhammad Agung Tomasina, Tim Layanan Kehutanan Masyarakat (TLKM) Foundation, Makassar, Indonesia
       
Nurul Azila, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
     
Nurhady Sirimorok, Forest and Society Research Group (FSRG), Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia
     
Novaty Eny Dungga, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonnesia
   
Syamsu Alam, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
   
Download this PDF file
PDF