Issue

Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022): NOVEMBER

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The Agricultural Expansion in Conservation Areas: The Case of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java

https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i2.18380
Sulastri Sardjo
Rural Sociology, Graduate Study Program, Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Arya Hadi Dharmawan
Department of Communication and Community Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-6103
Dudung Darusman
Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Ekawati Wahyuni
Department of Communication and Community Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-2167

Corresponding Author(s) : Sulastri Sardjo

sulastri_titi@apps.ipb.ac.id

Forest and Society, Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022): NOVEMBER

Abstract

The Indonesian government has expanded the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) to reduce the impact of global climate change and conserve ecosystem biodiversity. This policy has been resisted by local communities who need access to GHNSP area to support their livelihoods. Qualitative and quantitative approaches have been applied in this study to explain the occurrence of agricultural expansion and its impact on the household economy in the GHSNP area. This study is supported by an analysis of secondary data regarding land cover changes in the GHSNP corridor area. This study found that farmers have been able to take reflexive and rational actions by utilizing power relations and social networks to regain their access in the GHSNP area. It was shown by the formation of concentrated agriculture expansion in areas that were previously stated as the forestry corporation concessions. Agricultural expansion has increased due to the economic needs of the resident, migration, and the resident's need for land. Massive agricultural expansion in the GHSNP corridor has changed land use and corridor landscapes and disrupted conservation goals. This study concludes that agricultural expansion occurred as a response of farmers to government decisions to expand the national park into areas the local communities considered part of their living space. The complexity of changes due to agricultural expansion in conservation areas challenges conservation experts and the forestry profession to develop adaptive management that is more sensitive to change and community needs.

Keywords

agricultural expansion acccess land cover change livelihood migration adaptive management
Sardjo, S., Dharmawan, A. H. ., Darusman, D., & Wahyuni, E. . (2022). The Agricultural Expansion in Conservation Areas: The Case of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java. Forest and Society, 6(2), 742-762. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i2.18380
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Adalina, Y. & Sawitri, R. (2013). Land use under the pine stands in local communities’ economic improvement in Halimun Salak National Park. The Centre for Conservation and Rehabilitation.
  2. Afiff, S. A. (2016). REDD, land management and the politics of forest and land tenure reform with special reference to the case of central kalimantan province. In McCarthy. J. F. & Robinson, K. (Eds.), Land and development in indonesia: Searching for the people sovereignity (pp. 113-140). ISEAS Publishing.
  3. Balai TNGHS. (2016). Dokumen Penataan Zonasi TNGHS Revisi I. Kabandungan.
  4. Bedner, A., & Arizona, Y. (2019). Adat in Indonesian Land Law: A Promise for the Future or a Dead End?. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 20(5), 416-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2019.1670246
  5. Benhin, J. K. A. (2006). Agriculture and deforestation in the tropics: a critical theoretical and empirical review. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 35(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-35.1.9
  6. Berkes, F. & Folke, C. (1994). Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. Beijer Discussion Paper Series No. 52. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
  7. Blokland, T. (2017). Community as urban practices. Polity Press.
  8. Butler, R. (2011). Fighting illegal logging in Indonesia by giving communities a stake in forest management. Mongabay Environmental News. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2011/03/fighting-illegal-logging-in-indonesia-by-giving-communities-a-stake-in-forest-management/
  9. Byerlee, D., Stevenson, J., & Villoria, N. (2014). Does intensification slow crop land expansion or encourage deforestation? Global Food Security, 3(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.04.001
  10. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
  11. Darusman, D. (2000). Dimensi kemasyarakatan dalam pengelolaan hutan. Laboratorium Poleksos Fahutan IPB.
  12. Davidson, J. S. (2016). Eminent domain and infrastrcuture under the yudhoyono and widodo administrations. In McCarthy. J. F. & Robinson, K. (Eds.), Land and development in indonesia: Searching for the people sovereignity (pp. 167-185). ISEAS Publishing.
  13. De Royer, S., Van Noordwijk, M., & Roshetko, J. M. (2018). Does community-based forest management in Indonesia devolve social justice or social costs?. International Forestry Review, 20(2), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1505/14655481882376 7609
  14. Dharmawan, A. H., Mardiyaningsih, D. I., Komarudin, H., Ghazoul, J., Pacheco, P., & Rahmadian, F. (2020). Dynamics of rural economy: a socio-economic understanding of oil palm expansion and landscape changes in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land, 9(7), 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9070213
  15. Fridayanti, N. & Dharmawan, A. H. (2013). Analisis struktur dan strategi nafkah rumahtangga petani sekitar kawasan hutan konservasi di desa cipeuteuy, kabupaten sukabumi. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v1i1.9388
  16. Galudra, G (2008). What lies ahead? Between climate change, avoided deforestation and indonesia. Collaborative work between World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and RMI (The Indonesian Institute for Forest and Environment).
  17. Galudra, G. (2005). Land tenure conflicts in halimun area: What are the alternative resolutions for land tenure conflicts?. Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and RMI (Th Indonesian Institute for Forest and Environment).
  18. GHNSP (2008). Completion report of international internship on national park administration and management in west java, indonesia. GHSNP and Abogor Agricultural Institute.
  19. GHSNPMP-JICA. (2009). Rencana aksi restorasi koridor halimun-salak (2009-2013). GHSNPMP-JICA.
  20. Hakim, N. & Murtilaksono, K., & Rusdiana, O. (2016). Konflik penggunaan lahan di taman nasional gunung halimun salak, Kabupaten Lebak. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 4(2), 128-138. https://doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v4i2. 13377
  21. Hall, D., Hirsch, P., Li, T.M. 2011. Power of Exclusion. Land Dilemmas in Southeast Asia. Singapore: NUS Press.
  22. Hennemann, I. (2012). Looking beyond the forest: Exploring the significance of alignment between politics and practices in landscape governance - A case study of the corridor in gunung halimun salak national park in west java, indonesia [Thesis master]. Wageningen University. https://edepot.wur.nl/244457
  23. Hilgers, M & Mangez, E. (2015). Bourdieu’s theory of social fields. Concept and applications. Routledge
  24. Hugo, Graeme. 1997. Changing Patterns and Processes in Population Mobility. In Hull dan Jones, Indonesia Assessment: Population and Human Resources. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  25. Irawan, B. (2016). Meningkatkan efektifitas kebijakan konversi lahan. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 26(2), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.21082/fae.v26n2.2008.116-131
  26. Iskandar, J. & Budiawati S. (2017). Local knowledge of the baduy community of south banten (indonesia) on the traditional landscapes. BIODIVERSITAS 18, (3): 928-938, May 2017
  27. JICA. (2007). Rencana pengelolaan taman nasional gunung halimun-salak periode 2007-2026. Gunung Halimun Salak Natinonal Park Management Project.
  28. Jiwan, N. (2012). The political ecology of the Indonesian palm oil industry. In Pye, O., & Bhattacharya, K. (Eds.), The palm oil controversy in southeast asia. A transnational perspective (pp. 48–75). ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
  29. Junaidi, E., & Maryani, R. (2013). Pengaruh dinamika spasial sosial ekonomi pada suatu lanskap Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) terhadap keberadaan lanskap hutan (studi kasus pada DAS Citanduy Hulu dan DAS Ciseel, Jawa Barat). Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 10(2), 122-239. https://doi.org/10.20886/ jpsek.2013.10.2.122-239
  30. Kurniawan, I., Barus, B. & Pravitasari, A. E. (2017). Pemodelan spasial perubahan penggunaan lahan di taman nasional gunung halimun salak dan daerah penyangganya. Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning, 1(3), 270-286. https://doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2017.1.3.270-286
  31. Lawrence, G., Cheshire, L., & Richards, C. A. (2004). Agricultural production and the ecological question. In White, R. (Ed.), Controversies in Environmental Sociology (pp. 221–237). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.003
  32. Lund, C., & Rachman, N. F. (2018). Indirect Recognition. Frontiers and Territorialization around Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. World Development, 101, 417-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.003
  33. Manurung, G. E. S., Roshetko, J. M., Budidarsono, S., & Kurniawan, I. (2008). Dudukuhan tree farming systems in West Java: how to mobilize self-strengthening of community-based forest management?. In Snelder, D. J. & Lasco, R. D. (Eds.), Smallholder tree growing for rural development and environmental services (pp. 99-116). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8261-0_4
  34. Marvasti, A. (2004). Qualitative research in sociology (introducing qualitative methods series) (1st ed.). SAGE Publications.
  35. Maser, C. (1994). Sustainable forestry: philosophy, science, and economics (1st ed.). USA: St. Luice Press.
  36. McCarthy, J. F., Vel, J. A., & Afiff, S. (2011). A land grab scenario for Indonesia? Diverse trajectories and virtual land grabs in the outer islands. Journal of Peasant Studies 39(2): 521-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.671768
  37. Mouzelis, N. P. (2008). Modern and postmodern social theorizing: Bridging the divide. Cambridge University Press.
  38. Mugniesyah, S. S. M., & Mizuno, K. (2007). Access to land in Sundanese community: A case study of upland peasant households in Kemang Village, West Java, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 44(4), 519-544. https://doi.org/10.20495/tak.44.4_519
  39. Myers, R. & Hansen, C. P. (2019). Revisiting a theory of access: A review. Society & Natural Resources, 33(2), 146–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2018. 1560522
  40. Peluso, N. L. & Ribot, J. (2020). Postscript: a theory of access revisited. Society and Natural Resources, 33(2), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2019. 1709929
  41. Peluso, N. L. & Vandergeest, P. (2001). Genealogies of the political forest and customary rights in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The Journal of Asian Studies, 60(3), 761–812. https://doi.org/10.2307/2700109
  42. Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: resource control and resistance in java. University of California Press.
  43. Peluso, N. L. (1993). Coercing conservation?: The politics of state resource control. Global Environmental Change, 3(2), 199-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(93)90006-7
  44. Peluso, N. L., & Purwanto, A. B. (2018). The remittance forest: Turning mobile labor into agrarian capital. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 39(1), 6-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12225
  45. Prasetyo, L. B., Setiawan, Y. (2007). Land use and land cover change gunung halimun salak national park 1989–2004. Departemen Kehutanan.
  46. Rachman, N. F., (2011). The Resurgence of Land Reform Policy and Agrarian Movements in Indonesia [Doctoral Dissertations]. University of California, Berkeley.
  47. Rahman, S. A., Jacobsen, J. B., Healey, J. R., Roshetko, J. M., & Sunderland, T. (2017a). Finding alternatives to swidden agriculture: does agroforestry improve livelihood options and reduce pressure on existing forest?. Agroforestry Systems, 91(1), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9912-4
  48. Rahman, S. A., Sunderland, T., Roshetko, J. M., & Healey, J. R. (2017b). Facilitating smallholder tree farming in fragmented tropical landscapes: Challenges and potentials for sustainable land management. Journal of environmental management, 198, 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.047
  49. Rahmawati, R. & Gentini, I. D. E. (2008). Pengetahuan lokal masyarakat adat kasepuhan: Adaptasi, konflik dan dinamika sosio-ekologis. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v2i2.5886
  50. Rahmawati, R. (2013). Konflik-konflik sumberdaya hutan di jawa barat dan kalimantan barat, Indonesia (Doctoral Dissertation). Institut Pertanian Bogor.
  51. Rakhmawati, H. (2017). A spatial ecological assessment of fragmentation and disturbance effects of infrastructure construction and land conversion in gunung halimun salak national park, Indonesia [Master Thesis]. Lincoln University.
  52. Ribot, J. C. (1998). Theorizing access: forest profits along Senegal's charcoal commodity chain. Development and change, 29(2), 307-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00080
  53. Ribot, J. C., & Peluso, N. L. (2003). A theory of access. Rural Sociology, 68(2), 153–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x
  54. Ribot, J. C., Lund, J. F., & Treue, T. (2010). Democratic decentralization in sub-Saharan Africa: its contribution to forest management, livelihoods, and enfranchisement. Environmental Conservation, 37(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S03768929 10000329
  55. Rosleine, D., Suzuki, E., Sundawiati, A., Septiana, W., & Ekawati, D. (2014). The effect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java Indonesia. Reinwardtia, 14(1), 85-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v14i1.399
  56. Roshetko, J. M., Rohadi, D., Perdana, A., Sabastian, G., Nuryartono, N., Pramono, A. A., ... & Kusumowardhani, N. (2013). Teak agroforestry systems for livelihood enhancement, industrial timber production, and environmental rehabilitation. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 22(4), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 14728028.2013.855150
  57. Roshetko, J. M., Snelder, D.J., Lasco, R.D and van Noordwijk, M. (2008). Future challenge: A paradigm shift in the forestry sector. In Snelder, D. J. & Lasco, R. (Eds.), Smallholder tree growing for rural development and environmental services (pp. 453-485). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8261-0_21
  58. Sambas, E., Kusmana, C., Prasetyo, L. B., & Partomihardjo, T. (2018). Vegetation analysis and population structure of plants at mount endut forested area, gunung halimun salak national park, Banten, Java, Indonesia. Reinwardtia, 17(1), 39-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v17i1.3539
  59. Sampat, P. (2013). Limits to absolute power: Eminent domain and the right to land in india. Economic and Political Weekly, 48(19), 40–52. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/23527343
  60. Scoones, I. (2015). Sustainable rural livelihoods and rural development. Fernwood Publishing.
  61. Sibeon, R. (2004). Rethinking Social Theory. SAGE Publication.
  62. Siscawati, M & Rachman, N. F. (2014). Gender dan politik konsesi agraria: Dimensi gender dalam mekanisme-mekanisme penguasaan tanah, perubahan tata-guna tanah, dan krisis sosial ekologis dalam perkebunana kelapa sawit, pertambangan, hutan tanaman industri dan restorasi ekosistem. Working Paper No. 12. Sajogyo Institute.
  63. Stotten, R. (2020). The role of farm diversification and peasant habitus for farm resilience in mountain areas: the case of the Ötztal valley, Austria. International Journal of Social Economics, 48(7), 947-964. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-12-2019-0756
  64. Sukwika, T., Darusman, D., Kusmana, C., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2018). Skenario kebijakan pengelolaan hutan rakyat berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Bogor. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 8(2), 207-215. https://doi.org/10.29244/ jpsl.8.2.207-215
  65. Suparjo. (2011). On land (wealth) distribution: a cultural approach to justice in Indonesia. INDONESIA Law Review, 1(3), 334-347.
  66. Supriyatna, J. (2018). Konservasi biodiversitas. Teori dan praktik di indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
  67. Wacquant, L. J. (1987). Symbolic violence and the making of the French agriculturalist: an enquiry into Pierre Bourdieu's sociology. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 23(1), 65-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/14407833870 2300105
  68. Yumarni. (2012). Konservasi koridor taman nasional gunung halimun salak untuk habitat owa jawa (hylobates moloch audebert 1797) [Doctoral Dissertation]. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
  69. Zeng, L., Chatti, D., Hebdon, C., & Dove, M. R. (2017). The political ecology of knowledge and ignorance. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 23(2), 159–176.
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF