This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
‘Complexation’ of Palm Oil in Indonesia: The Actors and Their Involvement in North Mamuju, West Sulawesi
Corresponding Author(s) : Mukrimin Mukrimin
Forest and Society,
Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022): APRIL
Abstract
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- Anderson, P. (2013). Free, prior, and informed consent? Indigenous peoples and the palm oil boom in Indonesia. In Pye, O. & Bhattacharya, J. (Eds.), The palm oil controversy in Southeast Asia: a transnational perspective (pp. 244-257). ISEAS Publishing.
- AntaraNews.com. (2012). PT Unggul Widya produksi CPO 6000 ton. Accessed from http://www.antarasulsel.com/berita/36884/pt-unggul-widya-produksi-cpo-6000-ton
- BeritaDaerah.co.id. (2014). Sawit, Jantung Perekonomian Mamuju Utara. Accessed from http://beritadaerah.co.id/2014/03/27/sawit-jantung-perekonomian-mamuju-utara/
- BPS of North Mamuju. (2014). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2014. BPS of North Mamuju.
- BPS of North Mamuju. (2016). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2016. BPS of North Mamuju.
- BPS of North Mamuju. (2017). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2017. BPS of North Mamuju.
- BPS of North Mamuju. (2018). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2018. BPS of North Mamuju.
- BPS of North Mamuju. (2019). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2019. BPS of North Mamuju.
- BPS of North Mamuju. (2020). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2020. BPS of North Mamuju.
- BPS of North Mamuju. (2021). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2021. BPS of North Mamuju.
- Budidarsono, S., Susanti, A., & Zoomers, A. (2013). Oil palm plantations in Indonesia: the implication for migration, settlement/resettlement, and local economic development. In Fang, Z. (Ed.), Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability (pp. 173-193). IntechOpen. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53586
- Casson, A. (1999). The hesitant boom: Indonesia's oil palm sub-sector in an era of economic crisis and political change. Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
- Colchester, M., Jiwan, N., Andiko, M. S., Firdaus, A. Y., Surambo, A., & Pane, H. (2006). Promised land: palm oil and land acquisition in Indonesia: implications for local communities and indigenous peoples. Forest Peoples Programme and Perkumpulan Sawit Watch.
- Cramb, R., & Curry, G. N. (2012). Oil palm and rural livelihoods in the A sia–P acific region: An overview. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 53(3), 223-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01495.x
- Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (2016b). Characterising oil palm production in Indonesia and Malaysia. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 27-77). NUS Press.
- Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (2016a). Introduction. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 1-26). NUS Press
- Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.). 2016. The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia. NUS Press.
- Detik.com. (2016). RI dan Malaysia kerja sama garap zona eknonomi khusus sawit. Accessed from http://finance.detik.com/read/2016/09/01/200710/3289208/ 1036/ri-dan-malaysia-kerja-sama-garap-zona-ekonomi-khusus-sawit
- Detik.com. (2017). Produktivitas Petani Kelapa Sawit Indonesia Masih Minim. Accessed from https://news.detik.com/jawatengah/3564785/produktivitas-petani-kelapa-sawit-indonesia-masih-minim
- Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2015). Tree crop estate statistics of Indonesia 2014-2016: palm oil. Ministry of Agriculture.
- Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2016). Palm oil statistics of Indonesia 2015-2017. Ministry of Agriculture.
- Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2019). Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia 2019-2020. Ministry of Agriculture.
- Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2020). Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia 2020-2021. Ministry of Agriculture.
- Fajar. (2010). Ragam Budaya Warnai HUT PT Unggul. Accessed from http://lokalnews.fajar.co.id/read/92669/29/ragam-budaya-warnai-hut-pt-unggul
- GAPKI - Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia. (2016). Refleksi industry kelapa sawit 2015 dan prospek 2016. GAPKI. Retrieved from http://gapki.id/refleksi-industri-kelapa-sawit-2015-dan-prospek-2016/
- Gatto, M., Wollni, M., & Qaim, M. (2015). Oil palm boom and land-use dynamics in Indonesia: The role of policies and socioeconomic factors. Land use policy, 46, 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.03.001
- Gatto, M., Wollni, M., Asnawi, R., & Qaim, M. (2017). Oil palm boom, contract farming, and rural economic development: Village-level evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 95, 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.013
- Geiger, D. (2008). Frontier Encounters-Indigenous Communities and Settlers in Asia and Latin America. University of Zurich.
- Gillespie, P. (2012). Participation and power in I ndonesian oil palm plantations. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 53(3), 254-271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01494.x
- Gillespie, P. (2016). People, participation, power: the upstream complexity of Indonesian oil palm plantations. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 301-326). NUS Press.
- Hamilton-Hart, N. (2015). Multilevel (mis) governance of palm oil production. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 69(2), 164-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2014.978738
- Jelsma, I., Slingerland, M., Giller, K. E., & Bijman, J. (2017). Collective action in a smallholder oil palm production system in Indonesia: The key to sustainable and inclusive smallholder palm oil?. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 198-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.005
- Jiwan, N. (2013). The political ecology of the Indonesian palm oil industry. In Pye, O. & Bhattacharya, J. (Eds.), The palm oil controversy in Southeast Asia: a transnational perspective (pp. 48-75). ISEAS Publishing.
- Li, T. M. (2018). After the land grab: Infrastructural violence and the “Mafia System” in Indonesia's oil palm plantation zones. Geoforum, 96, 328-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.10.012
- Mahkamah Agung (2012). Direktori Keputusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No. 3163k/Pdt/20112. Jakarta.
- McCarthy, J. F., & Cramb, R. (2016). Conclusion. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 442-464). NUS Press.
- McCarthy, J. F., & Cramb, R. A. (2009). Policy narratives, landholder engagement, and oil palm expansion on the Malaysian and Indonesian frontiers. Geographical Journal, 175(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2009.00322.x
- Mukrimin, (2019). Moving the kitchen out’: contemporary Bugis migration. Southeast Asian Studies, 8(3), 349-368. https://doi.org/10.20495/seas.8.3_349
- Mukrimin. (Forthcoming). 'Frontier formation in an Indonesian resource site.'
- Murphy, D. J. (2014). The future of oil palm as a major global crop: opportunities and challenges. Journal of oil palm research, 26(1), 1-24.
- Nainggolan, E. (2015). Pengendalian persediaan bahan baku calcium carbonat dengan metode economic order quantity (COQ) study kasus PT XWZ [Bachelor thesis]. Universitas Mercu Buana.
- Obidzinski, K., Dermawan, A., & Hadianto, A. (2014). Oil palm plantation investments in Indonesia’s forest frontiers: limited economic multipliers and uncertain benefits for local communities. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 16(6), 1177-1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9519-8
- Potter, L. (2016). Alternative pathways for small-holders oil palm in Indonesia: an international comparison. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 155-188). NUS Press.
- Prabowo, D., Maryudi, A., & Imron, M. A. (2017). Conversion of forests into oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Insights from actors' power and its dynamics. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.004
- PT Astra Agro Lestari. (2015). Annual Report 2015. PT Astra Agro Lestari.
- PT Unggul Widya Teknologi Lestari. (2015). Daftar Pembayaran TBS Petani Swadaya Kelompok Tani. PT Unggul Widya Teknologi Lestari.
- Pye, O. (2016). Deconstructing the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 409-441). NUS Press.
- Regional Regulation of North Mamuju. (2014). Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Mamuju Utara Nomor 1 Tahun 2014, Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Mamuju Utara (RTRW) 2014-2034.
- Regional Regulation of North Mamuju. (2016). Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Mamuju Utara Nomor 8 Tahun 2016, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menegah (RJPM) Daerah 2016-2021.
- Santosa, S. J. (2008). Palm oil boom in Indonesia: from plantation to downstream products and biodiesel. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 36(5‐6), 453-465. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200800039
- SawitIndonesia.com. (2014). Bupati Mamuju Utara: Investasi Masuk Masyarakat Sejahtera. Accessed from http://sawitindonesia.com/rubrikasi-majalah/sosok/ir-h-agus-ambo-djiwa-mp-bupati-mamuju-utara-investasi-masuk-masyarakat-sejahtera
- SPI - Serikat Petani Sawit Indonesia. (2011). 100 tahun industry perkebunan sawit di Indonesia. Serikat Petani Sawit Indonesia (SPI).
- Tempo. (2014). Akibat sawit bagi masyarakat Mamuju Utara. Accessed from https://indonesiana.tempo.co/read/24241/2014/10/28/Akibat-Sawit-bagi-Masyarakat-Mamuju-Utara
- Tempo. (2014). HGU PT Unggul Widya Lestari perlu ditinjau ulang. Accessed from https://indonesiana.tempo.co/read/21721/2014/09/09/HGU-PT-Unggul-Widya-Teknologi-Lestari-Perlu-Ditinjau-Ulang
- Timmer, J. (2010). Access to compensation in the Bugis frontier culture of the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Retrieved from media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/timmer-azj-delta-mahakam-jt-12-2010.pdf
- Timmer, J. (2011). Compensation and state avoidance in the Bugis frontier of the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Working/Technical Paper. ANU Dept. of Pacific Affairs (DPA) formerly State, Society and Governance in Melanesia (SSGM) Program. https://doi.org/10.25911/5f20007816378
- Tsujino, R., Yumoto, T., Kitamura, S., Djamaluddin, I., & Darnaedi, D. (2016). History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia. Land use policy, 57, 335-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034
- Zen, Z., Barlow, C., Gondowarsito, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (2016). Interventions to promote smallholder oil palm and socio-economic improvement in Indonesia. Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 78-108). NUS Press.
References
Anderson, P. (2013). Free, prior, and informed consent? Indigenous peoples and the palm oil boom in Indonesia. In Pye, O. & Bhattacharya, J. (Eds.), The palm oil controversy in Southeast Asia: a transnational perspective (pp. 244-257). ISEAS Publishing.
AntaraNews.com. (2012). PT Unggul Widya produksi CPO 6000 ton. Accessed from http://www.antarasulsel.com/berita/36884/pt-unggul-widya-produksi-cpo-6000-ton
BeritaDaerah.co.id. (2014). Sawit, Jantung Perekonomian Mamuju Utara. Accessed from http://beritadaerah.co.id/2014/03/27/sawit-jantung-perekonomian-mamuju-utara/
BPS of North Mamuju. (2014). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2014. BPS of North Mamuju.
BPS of North Mamuju. (2016). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2016. BPS of North Mamuju.
BPS of North Mamuju. (2017). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2017. BPS of North Mamuju.
BPS of North Mamuju. (2018). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2018. BPS of North Mamuju.
BPS of North Mamuju. (2019). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2019. BPS of North Mamuju.
BPS of North Mamuju. (2020). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2020. BPS of North Mamuju.
BPS of North Mamuju. (2021). Mamuju Utara dalam angka 2021. BPS of North Mamuju.
Budidarsono, S., Susanti, A., & Zoomers, A. (2013). Oil palm plantations in Indonesia: the implication for migration, settlement/resettlement, and local economic development. In Fang, Z. (Ed.), Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability (pp. 173-193). IntechOpen. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53586
Casson, A. (1999). The hesitant boom: Indonesia's oil palm sub-sector in an era of economic crisis and political change. Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Colchester, M., Jiwan, N., Andiko, M. S., Firdaus, A. Y., Surambo, A., & Pane, H. (2006). Promised land: palm oil and land acquisition in Indonesia: implications for local communities and indigenous peoples. Forest Peoples Programme and Perkumpulan Sawit Watch.
Cramb, R., & Curry, G. N. (2012). Oil palm and rural livelihoods in the A sia–P acific region: An overview. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 53(3), 223-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01495.x
Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (2016b). Characterising oil palm production in Indonesia and Malaysia. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 27-77). NUS Press.
Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (2016a). Introduction. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 1-26). NUS Press
Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.). 2016. The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia. NUS Press.
Detik.com. (2016). RI dan Malaysia kerja sama garap zona eknonomi khusus sawit. Accessed from http://finance.detik.com/read/2016/09/01/200710/3289208/ 1036/ri-dan-malaysia-kerja-sama-garap-zona-ekonomi-khusus-sawit
Detik.com. (2017). Produktivitas Petani Kelapa Sawit Indonesia Masih Minim. Accessed from https://news.detik.com/jawatengah/3564785/produktivitas-petani-kelapa-sawit-indonesia-masih-minim
Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2015). Tree crop estate statistics of Indonesia 2014-2016: palm oil. Ministry of Agriculture.
Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2016). Palm oil statistics of Indonesia 2015-2017. Ministry of Agriculture.
Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2019). Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia 2019-2020. Ministry of Agriculture.
Directorate General of Estate Crops. (2020). Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia 2020-2021. Ministry of Agriculture.
Fajar. (2010). Ragam Budaya Warnai HUT PT Unggul. Accessed from http://lokalnews.fajar.co.id/read/92669/29/ragam-budaya-warnai-hut-pt-unggul
GAPKI - Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia. (2016). Refleksi industry kelapa sawit 2015 dan prospek 2016. GAPKI. Retrieved from http://gapki.id/refleksi-industri-kelapa-sawit-2015-dan-prospek-2016/
Gatto, M., Wollni, M., & Qaim, M. (2015). Oil palm boom and land-use dynamics in Indonesia: The role of policies and socioeconomic factors. Land use policy, 46, 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.03.001
Gatto, M., Wollni, M., Asnawi, R., & Qaim, M. (2017). Oil palm boom, contract farming, and rural economic development: Village-level evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 95, 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.013
Geiger, D. (2008). Frontier Encounters-Indigenous Communities and Settlers in Asia and Latin America. University of Zurich.
Gillespie, P. (2012). Participation and power in I ndonesian oil palm plantations. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 53(3), 254-271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01494.x
Gillespie, P. (2016). People, participation, power: the upstream complexity of Indonesian oil palm plantations. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 301-326). NUS Press.
Hamilton-Hart, N. (2015). Multilevel (mis) governance of palm oil production. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 69(2), 164-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2014.978738
Jelsma, I., Slingerland, M., Giller, K. E., & Bijman, J. (2017). Collective action in a smallholder oil palm production system in Indonesia: The key to sustainable and inclusive smallholder palm oil?. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 198-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.005
Jiwan, N. (2013). The political ecology of the Indonesian palm oil industry. In Pye, O. & Bhattacharya, J. (Eds.), The palm oil controversy in Southeast Asia: a transnational perspective (pp. 48-75). ISEAS Publishing.
Li, T. M. (2018). After the land grab: Infrastructural violence and the “Mafia System” in Indonesia's oil palm plantation zones. Geoforum, 96, 328-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.10.012
Mahkamah Agung (2012). Direktori Keputusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No. 3163k/Pdt/20112. Jakarta.
McCarthy, J. F., & Cramb, R. (2016). Conclusion. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 442-464). NUS Press.
McCarthy, J. F., & Cramb, R. A. (2009). Policy narratives, landholder engagement, and oil palm expansion on the Malaysian and Indonesian frontiers. Geographical Journal, 175(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2009.00322.x
Mukrimin, (2019). Moving the kitchen out’: contemporary Bugis migration. Southeast Asian Studies, 8(3), 349-368. https://doi.org/10.20495/seas.8.3_349
Mukrimin. (Forthcoming). 'Frontier formation in an Indonesian resource site.'
Murphy, D. J. (2014). The future of oil palm as a major global crop: opportunities and challenges. Journal of oil palm research, 26(1), 1-24.
Nainggolan, E. (2015). Pengendalian persediaan bahan baku calcium carbonat dengan metode economic order quantity (COQ) study kasus PT XWZ [Bachelor thesis]. Universitas Mercu Buana.
Obidzinski, K., Dermawan, A., & Hadianto, A. (2014). Oil palm plantation investments in Indonesia’s forest frontiers: limited economic multipliers and uncertain benefits for local communities. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 16(6), 1177-1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9519-8
Potter, L. (2016). Alternative pathways for small-holders oil palm in Indonesia: an international comparison. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 155-188). NUS Press.
Prabowo, D., Maryudi, A., & Imron, M. A. (2017). Conversion of forests into oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Insights from actors' power and its dynamics. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.004
PT Astra Agro Lestari. (2015). Annual Report 2015. PT Astra Agro Lestari.
PT Unggul Widya Teknologi Lestari. (2015). Daftar Pembayaran TBS Petani Swadaya Kelompok Tani. PT Unggul Widya Teknologi Lestari.
Pye, O. (2016). Deconstructing the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. In Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 409-441). NUS Press.
Regional Regulation of North Mamuju. (2014). Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Mamuju Utara Nomor 1 Tahun 2014, Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Mamuju Utara (RTRW) 2014-2034.
Regional Regulation of North Mamuju. (2016). Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Mamuju Utara Nomor 8 Tahun 2016, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menegah (RJPM) Daerah 2016-2021.
Santosa, S. J. (2008). Palm oil boom in Indonesia: from plantation to downstream products and biodiesel. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 36(5‐6), 453-465. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200800039
SawitIndonesia.com. (2014). Bupati Mamuju Utara: Investasi Masuk Masyarakat Sejahtera. Accessed from http://sawitindonesia.com/rubrikasi-majalah/sosok/ir-h-agus-ambo-djiwa-mp-bupati-mamuju-utara-investasi-masuk-masyarakat-sejahtera
SPI - Serikat Petani Sawit Indonesia. (2011). 100 tahun industry perkebunan sawit di Indonesia. Serikat Petani Sawit Indonesia (SPI).
Tempo. (2014). Akibat sawit bagi masyarakat Mamuju Utara. Accessed from https://indonesiana.tempo.co/read/24241/2014/10/28/Akibat-Sawit-bagi-Masyarakat-Mamuju-Utara
Tempo. (2014). HGU PT Unggul Widya Lestari perlu ditinjau ulang. Accessed from https://indonesiana.tempo.co/read/21721/2014/09/09/HGU-PT-Unggul-Widya-Teknologi-Lestari-Perlu-Ditinjau-Ulang
Timmer, J. (2010). Access to compensation in the Bugis frontier culture of the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Retrieved from media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/timmer-azj-delta-mahakam-jt-12-2010.pdf
Timmer, J. (2011). Compensation and state avoidance in the Bugis frontier of the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Working/Technical Paper. ANU Dept. of Pacific Affairs (DPA) formerly State, Society and Governance in Melanesia (SSGM) Program. https://doi.org/10.25911/5f20007816378
Tsujino, R., Yumoto, T., Kitamura, S., Djamaluddin, I., & Darnaedi, D. (2016). History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia. Land use policy, 57, 335-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034
Zen, Z., Barlow, C., Gondowarsito, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (2016). Interventions to promote smallholder oil palm and socio-economic improvement in Indonesia. Cramb, R., & McCarthy, J. F. (Eds.), The oil palm complex: smallholders, agribusiness, and the state in Indonesia and Malaysia (pp. 78-108). NUS Press.