Budaya Bertoilet: Duduk atau Jongkok?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31947/etnosia.v1i1.995Abstract
AbstractPublic toilet is one of the important parts of the building that many aspects of design have to be taken into account to build. Many public toilets are built just by looking at the outer performance without considering whether or not the target user will fit with the design. This article deals with this. It examines how toilet is perceived by the users, what type of toilet is preferred and why, and how they utilize public toilet. The interaction between western and eastern culture in the toiletdesign has resulted in cultural shock and stuttering technology among the toilet users in regard to the use of toilet because the influx of western culture is not balance with the introduction of the new culture. Whether one chooses squatting or sitting toilet, it is not only related to universal issues about modernity, luxury, cleanliness, and health. Toilet is not solely function as a disposal waste container, but it is also a place for one to seclude him/herself from others, to relax and to create new ideas. Toilet is a symbol to show ones’ identity. But how one use the toilet is closely associated with one’s perception about toilet, gender, health, cleanliness, Islamic ethics, and body proportion. Key words: toilet, sitting toilet, squatting toilet, modernity.Downloads
References
Daftar Pustaka
Al-Jauziyah, I. 2009. Ringkasan Zad al Ma'ad
(Diterjemahkan oleh M. Sahidu).
Islamhouse.com.
Anderson, B. 2008. Streching (Peregangan).
Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta.
Az-Zabidi, I. 2008. Ringkasan Shaih Al-Bukhari
(Al-Tajrid Al-Shahia li Ahadits Al-Jami
Al-Shahih (Diterjemahkan oleh C. H.
Syamsul, & T. Anis, Murtadha). Bandung:
PT. Mizan Pustaka.
Barker, J., & Jones, M. V. 2005. ‘The Potential
Spread of Infection Caused by Aerosol
Contamination of Surfaces After Flushing
a Domestic Toilet’. Journal of Applied
Microbiology , 99(2), 339-347.
Brubaker, R., & Cooper, F. 2000. ‘Beyond
‘Identity’: Theory and Society’, Journal
Theory and Society, (29), 1-47.
Cairncross, S., Cumming, O., Schechtman, L.,
Velleman, Y., & Waddington, H. 2014.
Health Impacts of Sanitation and Hygiene,
dalam P. Cross, & Y. Coombs (eds.),
Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa, Where
Do We Stand? Analysis from the
AfricaSan Conference, Kigali Rwanda.
London: IWA Publishing, 21-27.
Clark, C. 2011. No Shit, The History of Wiping -
A Book You Can Wipe Your Butt It! Caleb
Clark on Lulu.com.
Curtis, V. 2007. ‘Dirt, Disgust, and Disease: A
Natural History Of Hygiene’. Jurnal
Epidemiol Community Health 61(8), 660664.
Darwin, C. 1872. The Expression Of The
Emotion In Man and Animals. London:
John Murray.
De Chiara, J., & Callender, J. 1987. Times
Savers Standars for Building Types.
Singapore: McGraw-Hill Inc.
De Mente, B. L. 2008. Etiquette Guide to Japan,
Know the Rules That Make the Difference.
Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing.
Douglas, M. 1984. Purity And Danger – An
Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and
Taboo. New York: Routledge & Kegan
Paul, Ltd.
Engel, S., & Susilo, A. 2014. ‘Shaming and
Sanitation in Indonesia – A Return to
Colonial Public Health Practices?’. Jurnal
Development & Change, 45(1), 157-178.
Fathi as-Sayyid Nada, A. 2007. Ensiklopedia
Adab Islam (Vol. 2). Jakarta: Pustaka
Imam Ay Syafi'i.
Foucault, M. 2000. Power. Essential Works of
Foucault 1954-1984 (Vol. III). New York:
The New Press.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge, Selected
Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977.
(C. Gordon, Ed., C. Gordon, L. Marshall,
J. Mephan, & K. Soper, Trans.). New
York: Pantheon Books.
Geertz, C. 1983. Local Knowledge. Further
Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New
York: Basic Books Inc.
Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretative of Culture.
New York: Basic Books Inc.
Genç, M. 2009. The Evolution of Toilets and Its
Current State. Ankara: Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle
East Technical University.
Gerba, C., Wallis C, C., & Melnick, J. 1975.
‘Microbiological Hazards of Household
Toilets: Droplet Production and The Fateof Residual Organisms’. Journal of
Applied Microbiology, 30(2), 229-237.
Gouda, F. 2009. Discipline versus Gentle
Persuasion in Colonial Public Health: The
Rockefeller Foundation’s Intensive Rural
Hygiene Work in the Netherlands East
Indies, 1925-1940. Amsterdam: University
of Amsterdam.
Greed, C. 2003. Inclusive Urban Design, Public
Toilet. Oxford: Architectural Press,
Elsevier.
Irwin, R. 2007. ‘Culture Shock: Negotiating
Feelings in the Field’. Anthropology
Matters Journal, 9(1), 1-11.
Heiser, V. 1936. An American Doctor’s Odyssey:
Adventure in Forty Fives Countries. New
York: W.W Norton.
Hendry, J. 1992. Becoming Japanese - The
World of the Preschool Child. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press.
Hydrick, J. 1942. Intensive Rural Hygiene Work
in the Netherlands East Indies.
Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies
Councils, Institute of Pacific Relations.
New York: Netherlands and Netherlands
East Indies Councils, Institute of Pacific
Relations.
Janssens, R. 2005. ‘Toilet Training, Shame, and
the Influence of Alien Cultures: Cultural
Anthropologists and American Policy
Making Postwar Japan 1944-1945’, dalam
J. Bremen, & A. Shimizu (eds.),
Anthropology and Colonialism in Asia:
Comparative and Historical Colonialism.
Richmond: Routledge Curzon, 285-306.
Kelman, H. 1958. ‘Compliance, identification,
and internalization: Three Processes of
Attitude Change’. Journal of Conflict
Resolution, 2(1), 51-60.
Ken, J. 2012. Because I Said Sol - The Truth
Behind the Myths, and Warnings Every
Generation Passes Down to Its Kids. New
York: Simon & Schuters, Inc.
Khairu, S. 2015. Rahasia Kedahsyatan
Basmallah Berdasarkan Al-Quran dan as-
Sunnah. Lembar Pustaka Indonesia.
Koocher, G. P. 1977. ‘Bathroom Behavior and
Human Dignity’. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 35(2), 120-121. Martosenjoyo, T. 2014. ‘Why Are Our
University Public Toilets Are Dirty: A
Case Study of Unhas Public Toilets’,
dalam R. Iida , K. Nishijima, N.
Fukushima dan T. Futatsuyama (eds.),
Report of Research Collaboration &
Management Support Course for
International Research Output Training.
Kyoto: Graduate School of Asian and
African Area Studies Kyoto University,
-54
Molotch , H. 2010. ‘Introduction: Learning from
the Loo’, dalam H. Molotch & L. Norén
(eds.), Public Restrooms and The Politics
of Sharing. New York: New York
University Press, 1-22.
Morisy, A. 2011. Borrowing From The Future -
A Faith-Based Approach to
Intergenerational Equity. New York:
Continuum International Publishing
Group.
Mukherjee, N., & Josodipoero, R. 2000. Is it
Selling No, A Lifestyle - Learning from
Communities with Sanitation Success
Stories in Indonesia. Water and Sanitation
Program East Asia and Pasific.
Neufert, E., & Neufert, P. 2012. Neufert
Architects Data. Iowa, USA: Blackwell
Science.
Oberg, K. 1960. ‘Cultural Shock: Adjustment to
New Cultural Environments’, Journal of
Practical Anthropology, 7:177-182.
Patokallio, J. 2008. Wikitravel Singapore.
Singapore: Wikitravel Press.
Pelras, C. 2006. Manusia Bugis. Jakarta: Nalar,
Forum Jakarta-Paris.
Pennycook, A. 1998. English and the Discourses
of Colonialism. London: Routledge.
Sohrabi, S., Malekzadeh, R., Ansari, R., &
Kamangar, F. 2012. ‘Squatting and Risk
of Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control
Study’. Middle East Journal of Digestive
Diseases, 4(1), 23-27.
Spradley, J. 1980. Participant Observation. Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston.
Stein, E. A. 2009. ‘Sanitary Makeshifts and the
Perpetuation of Health Stratification in
Indonesia’, dalam R. Hahn, & M. Inhorn
(eds.), Bridging Differences in Culture
And Society. New York: Oxford
University Press, Inc., 541-565
Tomes, N. J. 2000. ‘Public Health Then and
Now - The Making of a Germ Panic, Then
and Now’. Journal of Public Health,
(2), 191-198.
Tomes, N. J. 1998. The Gospel Of Germs: Men,
Women And The Microbe In American
Life. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press.
Vitruvius. 1914. The Ten Books on Architecture
(Diterjemahan oleh Morris Hicky
Morgan). Cambridge: Harvard University
Press.
Wahf al-Qahthani, S. 2006. Ensiklopedia Shalat
Menurut al'Quran dan as-Sunnah
(Diterjemahkan oleh Abdul Ghoffar EM).
Jakarta: Pustaka Imam Asy Syafi'i.
Williams, C. 2010. Southeast Asia on a
Shoestring - Ebook Edition. Lonely Planet.
Yu, S. 2012. Cahng'an Avenue and the
Modernization of Chinese Architecture.
Washington: The University of
Washington Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
1.png)
