The Study of Correlation Between Heavy Metal Levels in Environment and Autism Case in Samarinda and Bantul
Abstract
Autism is a disorder of pervasive development in children, which until now,the exact cause is unknown. The strongest allegations are genetic andenvironmental factors, especially heavy metals. This study aims to look therelationship between the occurrence of heavy metals pollution with theautism cases in Samarinda and Bantul. This study was carried out bymeasuring the levels of heavy metals in fish, vegetables, water and soil andalso hair of 30 autistic children and 10 control children in Samarinda and 30autism 4 control in Bantul.All samples were measured their heavy metalcontent (As, Hg, Cd, Pb) at The Central Nuclear Applied Science andTechnology Laboratory in Bandung. The result compares with the standardvalue and were found that the samples was exceeding the heavy metals valuein Samarinda is Arsenic in fish, lead in fish. While in Bantul, Mercury in fish,mercury in vegetable and lead in vegetable. In the hair samples result, thelevel of arsenic, mercury and lead were higher in autism children comparedto controls in Samarinda, while in Bantul only mercury and lead levels arehigher in hair of autism children than controls. Cadmium levelswere nodifference between autistic and control hair both in Samarinda and Bantul.
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2. Anies. Penyakit Tidak Menular Akibat Pencemaran Logam Berat. Dalam: Penyakit Berbasis Lingkungan. Yogyakarta: AR-RUZZ Media; 2015: 57-65.
3. Papandrew A.D. The Biological Background of Autism. Autonomy, The Critical Journal of Interdiciplinary Autism Studies. 2014;1(2):1-19.
4. Alabdali A., Al-Ayadhi L., El-Ansary A. A Key Role for an Impaired Detoxification Mechanism in the Etiology and Severity of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2014;10(14):1-11.
5. Dickerson AS., Rahbar MH., Bakian AV., Bilder DA., Harrington RA, et al. Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalens and Association with Air Concentration od Lead, Mercury and Arsenic. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2016;188(407):2-15.
6. Kemenkes RI. Pokok-pokok Hasil Riskesdas Indonesia Tahun 2017. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2017.
7. Permenkes RI. Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2017 Tentang Batas Maksimum Cemaran Logam Berat dalam Pangan Olahan. Jakarta: Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI; 2017.
8. Riani, E., Cordova, M.R., Arifin, Z. Heavy Metal Pollution and its Relation to Malformation of Green Mussel Cultured in Muara Kamal Waters, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin Elsevier. 2018;133:664-670.
9. Riani. The Effect of Heavy Metals on Tissue Damage in Different Organ of Goldfish Cultivated in Floating Fish Net in Cirata Reservoir, Indonesia. Paripes Indian Journal of Research. 2015; 4(2):54-58.
10. Emmanuel A., Simon Y. Environmental Lead Exposure and its Impact on the Health of Children, Pregnant Woman and General Population in Haiti. Haiti Prospectives. 2018;6(3):5-11.
11. L. Evrenoglou, A.S. Partsinevelou, S. Nicolopoulou. Correlation Between Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Children’s Scalp Hair and the Environment. A Case Study from Kifissos River in Attica, Greece. Global Nest Journal. 2017;19(4): 592-600.
12. Kern, J.K., Geier, D.A., Sykes, L.K., Haley, B. E., Geier, M.R. The Relationship Between Mercury and Autism: a Comprehensive Review and Discussion. Journal of Trace Element in Medicine and Biology. 2016;37:8-24.
13. McKean, S.J., Bartell, S.M., Hansen, R.L., Barfod, G.H., Green, P.G., Picciotto, I.H. Prenatal Mercury Exposure, Autism, and Developmental Delay, Using Pharmacokinetic Combination of Newborn Blood Concentrations and Questionnaire Data: a Case Control Study. Environmental Health. 2015;14:62.
14. Filon J., Farbiszewska JU., Karczewski J., Piotrowska MZ. Analysis of Trace Element Content in Hair of Autistic Children. Journal of Elementology. 2017;22(4): 1285-1293.
15. Hadjkacem I., Ayadi H., Turki M., Yaich S., Khemekhem K. Prenatal, Perinatal and Postnatal Factors Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal de Pediatria. 2016;92(6):595-601.
16. Akyuzlu DK., Kayaalti Z., Soylemez E., Soylemezoglu T. Association Between Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Manganese Level in Hair and Urine. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2014; 2:140-144.
17. Yurdakok K. Lead, Mercury and Cadmium in Breast Milk. Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine. 2015;4(2): 1-11.
18. Maddusa S., Paputungan MG., Syarifuddin AR., Maambuat J., Alla G. Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb), Merkuri (Hg), Zink (Zn), Arsen (As) pada Ikan dan air Sungai Tondano, Sulawesi Utara. Public Health Science Journal. 2017;9(2):153-159.
19. Lee MJ., Chou MC., Chou WJ., Chien WH., Kuo HC., Lee SY., Wang LJ. Heavy Metals Effect on Susceptibility to Attention Deficit/Hyperactiviy Disorder: Implication of Lead, Cadmium and Antimony. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018:15(6);1221.
20. Illionis Department of Public Health. Preventing and Testing of Childhood Lead Poisoning. Illionis Lead Program. Springfield: Printed by Authority of the State of Illionis; 2015:1-28.
21. Rahbar MH., Vaughan MS., Dickerson AS., Loveland KA., Hessabi MA. Factor Associated with Blood Lead Concentration of Children in Jamaica. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/ Hazardous Substances Environmental Engineering. 2016; 50(6):529-539.
22. Parween A., Khan MM., Upadhyay T,Tripathy RV. Prevalens of Elevated Blood Level in Children of India. Nature
Environment and Pollution Technolygy. 2018;17(3):703-710.
23. Metwally FM., Abdelraoof ER., Rashad H., Elsedfy ZB, Gebril O, Meguid. Toxic Effect of Some Heavy Metals in Egyptian Autistic Children. Internation Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2015;7(3):206-211.
Authors
Hasdam, A. S., Hasim, Sulaeman, A. ., & Hasan Machfoed, M. . (2020). The Study of Correlation Between Heavy Metal Levels in Environment and Autism Case in Samarinda and Bantul. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 16(4), 446-460. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v16i4.9598
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