Household Factors Associated with Underweight in Children 24-59 Month in Urban and Rural in Indonesia
Abstract
The underweight still remains a public health problem for toddlers in Indonesia. The purpose of the study to identify the factors related to the underweight incident for toddlers at 24-59 months in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. This research used cross-sectional study design. This study used secondary data on the Total Diet Study-Individual Food Consumption Survey of 2014. The sample size in this study was 5165 toddlers from 24-59 months and distinguished by urban and rural areas. Bivariate Analysis used chi square. This study estimates that 20.3% of children aged 24-59 months were underweight with a greater proportion in rural areas 22.5%. Significant factors related to the underweight incidence in the urban and rural areas were the father's education level (urban; p = 0.02 and rural; p = 0.005) and mother’s education level (urban; p = 0.001 and rural; p = 0.005), number of household members (urban; p = 0.03 and rural; p = 0.012), and energy adequacy level (urban; p = 0.012 and rural; p = 0.005). The factor that was estimated to be significantly related to the underweight incidence just in rural areas as children’s age (p = 0.012), the total number of children in one house (p = 0.047). Multisectoral collaboration is needed to reduce nutritional problems, especially in rural areas. The efforts to improve community nutrition by improving the socio-economic condition of the community should be based on regional capabilities and local wisdom in the region.
References
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2. UNICEF. Underweight. United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund; 2013.
3. WHO [World Health Organization]. World Health Statistic 2015. Geneva: WHO Library Catalouging-in-Publication Data; 2015.
4. World Bank. Prevalence of Underweight, Weight for Age (% of Children Under 5). The World Bank Group; 2019.
5. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Basic Health Research 2018. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia; 2018.
6. Wu Y, Qi D. Urban-Rural and Provincial Disparities in Child Malnutrition in China. Social Work Public Health. 2016;31(6):574–588.
7. Adhikari D, Khatri RB, Paudel YR, Poudyal AK. Factors Associated with Underweight among Under-Five Children in Eastern Nepal: Community-Based Cross-sectional Study. Frontiers in Public Healt. 2017;5(December):1–9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00350.
8. United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Improving Child Nutrition. The Achievable Imperative for Global Progress. Vol. 18, NCSL Legisbrief; 2013.
9. Firestone R, Punpuing S, Peterson KE, Acevedo-Garcia D, Gortmaker SL. Child Overweight and Undernutrition in Thailand: Is There an Urban Effect?. Social Science & Medicine. 2011;72(9):1420–1428. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.003.
10. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Minister of Health Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 75 of 2013 Concerning Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia; 2013.
11. FAO. Urban Nutrition: Assessment of Nutritional Status in Urban Areas. Food and Agriculture Organization; 2010. [Cited 2020 Jan 15].
12. Kumar R, Abbas F, Mahmood T, Somrongthong R. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Underweight Children: A Population-Based Subnational Analysis from Pakistan. BMJ Open. 2019;9(7):1–13.
13. Nigatu G, Assefa Woreta S, Akalu TY, Yenit MK. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Underweight Among Children 6-59 Months of Age in Takusa district, Northwest Ethiopia. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2018;17(1):1–8.
14. Abdurahman AA, Mirzaei K, Dorosty AR, Rahimiforoushani A, Kedir H. Household Food Insecurity May Predict Underweight and Wasting among Children Aged 24–59 Months. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 2016;55(5):456–472.
15. Tosheno D, Mehretie Adinew Y, Thangavel T, Bitew Workie S. Risk Factors of Underweight in Children Aged 6-59 Months in Ethiopia. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2017. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6368746.
16. Endris N, Asefa H, Dube L. Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors among Children in Rural Ethiopia. Biomed Research International. 2017. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6587853.
17. Chowdhury TR, Chakrabarty S, Rakib M, Saltmarsh S, Davis KA. Socio-Economic Risk Factors for Early Childhood Underweight in Bangladesh. Global Health. 2018;14(1):1–12.
18. Das S, Fahim SM, Islam S, Biswas T, Mahfuz M, Ahmed T. Prevalence and Sociodemographic Determinants of Household-Level Double Burden of Malnutrition in Bangladesh. Public Health Nutrition. 2019;22(8):1425–1432.
19. Haris A, Fitri A, Kalsum U, Studi P, Masyarakat K, Jambi U. Determinan Kejadian Stunting dan Underweight pada Balita Suku Anak Dalam di Desa Nyogan Kabupaten Muaro Jambi Tahun 2019. Jurnal Kesmas Jambi. 2019;3(1):41–53.
20. Rachmi CN, Agho KE, Li M, Baur LA. Stunting, Underweight and Overweight in Children Aged 2.0-4.9 Years in Indonesia: Prevalence Trends and Associated Risk Factors. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):1–17.
21. Vollmer S, Bommer C, Krishna A, Harttgen K, Subramanian S V. The Association of Parental Education with Childhood Undernutrition in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Comparing the Role of Paternal and Maternal Education. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;46(1):312–23.
22. Rahmawati FN, Mulyaningsih T, Daerobi A. Pengaruh Karakteristik Rumah Tangga, Keragaman Makanan, Lingkungan Hidup terhadap Status Gizi Balita. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2019;15(4):367–375.
23. Rahmariza E, Tanziha I, Sukandar D, Masyarakat DG, Manusia FE, Bogor IP. Analisis Determinan Karakteristik Keluarga dan Pemenuhan Hak Kesehatan Anak serta Dampaknya terhadap Status Gizi. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2016;12(3):153–160.
24. Uzogara SG. Underweight, The Less Discussed Type of Unhealthy Weight and Its Implications: A Review. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research. 2016;3(5):126–142.
Authors
Yunitasari, A. R., Dewi Sartika, R. A., & Setiarini, A. (2020). Household Factors Associated with Underweight in Children 24-59 Month in Urban and Rural in Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 16(1), 140-151. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v16i1.9105
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