Akses Sanitasi, Merokok dan Annual Parasite Incidence Malaria sebagai Prediktor Stunting Baduta di Indonesia
Abstract
The proportion of stunting above 20%, indicates that there are still public health problems in Indonesia. The impact of stunting not only affects stature with all the consequences of disruption of growth and development, but also affects the economic productivity of a country. The purpose of this study was to develop predictive models that are responsive stunting in children under-2 years in Indonesia. The development of the index model used mathematical formulations using the TPB/SDGs indicator and food environment indicators. Aggregate data from 16-time series were selected from 34 provinces in Indonesia in the span of 4 years (2015-2018). Furthermore, the model validation used the backward regression method with IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. The results showed that households have access to proper sanitation services (X9), smoking habits of the population aged ≥15 years (X14) and Annual Parasite Incidence (API) malaria per 1000 population (X12) was a responsive predictor of under-2 children stunting in Indonesia. The prediction model was expressed by the equation with an R2 value of 49.9% and Radj value of 44.9%. This study recommended fulfilling access to household sanitation facilities, especially in malaria endemic areas and households that have smoker family members.
References
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16. Torlesse H, Cronin AA, Sebayang SK, Nandy R. Determinants of Stunting in Indonesian Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey Indicate a Prominent Role for the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector in Stunting Reduction. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(669):1-11.
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20. Head JR, Pachón H, Tadesse W, Tesfamariam M, Mc Freeman. Integration of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Nutrition Programming is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Child Stunting and Fever in Oromia, Ethiopia. African Journal of Food Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2019;19(4):14971-14993.
21. Cumming O, Cairncross S. Can Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Help Eliminate Stunting? Current Evidence and Policy Implications. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2016;12(Suppl. 1):91–105. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12258.
22. Nadiyah, Briawan D, Martianto D. Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Anak Usia 0-23 bulan di Provinsi Bali, Jawa Barat, dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan. 2014:9(2): 125-132.
23. Astuti DD, Handayani TW, Astuti DP. Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Increased Risks of Stunting among Under-Five Children. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2020. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.02.029.
24. Wijaya-Erhardt M. Nutritional Status of Indonesian Children in Low-Income Households with Fathers that Smoke. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2019;10(2):64−71. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.2.04.
25. Nadhiroh SR, Djokosujono K, Utari DM. The Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Growth Outcomes of Children: A Systematic Literature Review. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2020;18(March):1-12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/117958.
26. Dal Bom JP, Mazzucchetti L, Malta MB, Ladeia-Andrade S, de Castro MC, Cardoso MA, et al. Early Determinants of Linear Growth and Weight Attained in The First Year of life in A Malaria Endemic Region. Plos One. 2019;14(8). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220513.
27. Pinceli A, Neves PAR, Lourenc¸o BH, Corder RM, Malta MB, Sampaio-Silva J, et al. The Hidden Burden of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in Pregnancy in the Amazon: An Observational Study In Northwestern Brazil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2018;99(1):73–83. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0135.
28. Natama HM, Moncunill G, Rovira-Vallbona E, Sanz H, Sorgho H, Aguilar R, Coulibaly-Traore´ M, et al. Modulation of Innate Immune Responses at Birth by Prenatal Malaria Exposure and Association with Malaria Risk During the First Year of Life. BMC Medicine. 2018;16(1):198-212.
29. Robin J. Using Aggregate Administrative Data in Social Policy Research, OPRE Report #2016-91, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. U.S: Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.
30. Devriany A, Wardani Z, Yunihar. Perbedaan Status Pemberian ASI Ekslusif terhadap Perubahan Panjang Badan Bayi Neonatus. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2018;14(1):44-51.
31. Utami Hamdany Sakti A, Saifuddin Sirajuddin. Risk Factors of Stunting Case on Children Aged 24-59 Months in Slums of Makassar City. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2018;7(1):17-22.
32. Rahmad AHA, Miko A. Kajian Stunting pada Anak Balita Berdasarkan Pola Asuh dan Pendapatan Keluarga di Kota Banda Aceh. Kesmas Indonesia. 2016;8(2):63-79.
33. Fitri L. Hubungan BBLR dan Asi Ekslusif dengan Kejadian Stunting di Puskesmas Lima Puluh Pekanbaru. Jurnal Endurance: Kajian Ilmiah Problema Kesehatan. 2018;3(1):131-137
34. Subandra Y, Zuhairini Y, Djais J. Hubungan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dan Makanan Pendamping ASI terhadap Balita Pendek Usia 2 sampai 5 tahun di Kecamatan Jatinangor. Jurnal Sistem Kesehatan. 2018;3(1):142-148.
35. BPS. Indikator Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (TPB) Indonesia 2019. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2019.
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2. Sudfeld CR, McCoy DC, Danaei G, Fink G, Ezzati M, Andrews KG, Fawzi WW. Linear Growth and Child Development Iin Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):1266–1275. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3111.
3. de Onis M, Branca F. Childhood Stunting: A Global Perspective. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2016;12(Suppl. 1):12-26. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12231.
4. Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M Ezzati M, Grantham-McGregor S, Katz K, Martorell R, Uauy R. Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries. The Lancet. 2013;382(9890):427–451. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X.
5. Adair LS, Fall CHD, Osmond C, Stein AD, Martorell R, Ramirez-Zea M et al. ., COHORTS Group. Associations of Linear Growth and Relative Weight Gain during Early Life with Adult Health and Human Capital in Countries of Low and Middle Income: Findings from Five Birth Cohort Studies. The Lancet. 2013;382(9891):525-534. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60103-8.
6. United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Levels and Trends in child Malnutrition: Key Findings of the 2018 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
7. World Health Organization. Reducing Stunting in Children: Equity Considerations for Achieving the Global Nutrition Targets 2025. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. [Diakses pada 20 Agustus 2019].
8. Galasso E, Wagstaff A, Naudeau S, Shekar M. The Economic Costs of Stunting and How to Reduce Them. World Bank Group: Policy Research Note; 2017.
9. Kemenkes RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013: Laporan Riset. Jakarta: Balitbangkes Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2013.
10. Kemenkes RI. Hasil Utama Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Balitbangkes Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2018.
11. Renyoet BS, Martianto D, Sukandar SJ. Potensi Kerugian Ekonomi karena Stunting pada Balita di Indonesia Tahun 2013. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan. 2016;11(3):247-254.
12. Kementerian PPN/Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional. Metadata Indikator Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (TPB)/ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian PPN/Bappenas RI; 2017.
13. Beal T, Tumilowicz A, Sutrisna A, Izwardy D, Neufeld L. A Review of Child Stunting Determinants in Indonesia. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2018;14(4):1-10. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12617.
14. Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan (TNP2K). Strategi Nasional Percepatan Pencegahan Stunting Periode 2018-2024. Jakarta: Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan RI; 2018.
15. Sassi M. Understanding Food Insecurity: Key Features, Indicators, and Response Design. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG; 2018.
16. Torlesse H, Cronin AA, Sebayang SK, Nandy R. Determinants of Stunting in Indonesian Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey Indicate a Prominent Role for the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector in Stunting Reduction. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(669):1-11.
17. Cahyono F, Manongga SP, Picauly I. Faktor Penentu Stunting Anak Balita pada Berbagai Zona Ekosistem di Kabupaten Kupang. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan. 2016;11(1):9-18.
18. Augsburg B, Rodríguez-Lesmes PA. Sanitation and Child Health in India. World Development. 2018;107:22–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.005.
19. Freeman MC, Garn JV, Sclar GD, Boisson S, Medlicott K, Alexander KT, Penakalapati G, Darcy Anderson, Mahtani AG, Grimes JET, Rehfuess EA, Clasen TF. The Impact of Sanitation on Infectious Disease and Nutritional Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2017;220(6):928-949. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.05.007.
20. Head JR, Pachón H, Tadesse W, Tesfamariam M, Mc Freeman. Integration of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Nutrition Programming is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Child Stunting and Fever in Oromia, Ethiopia. African Journal of Food Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2019;19(4):14971-14993.
21. Cumming O, Cairncross S. Can Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Help Eliminate Stunting? Current Evidence and Policy Implications. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2016;12(Suppl. 1):91–105. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12258.
22. Nadiyah, Briawan D, Martianto D. Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Anak Usia 0-23 bulan di Provinsi Bali, Jawa Barat, dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan. 2014:9(2): 125-132.
23. Astuti DD, Handayani TW, Astuti DP. Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Increased Risks of Stunting among Under-Five Children. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2020. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.02.029.
24. Wijaya-Erhardt M. Nutritional Status of Indonesian Children in Low-Income Households with Fathers that Smoke. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2019;10(2):64−71. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.2.04.
25. Nadhiroh SR, Djokosujono K, Utari DM. The Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Growth Outcomes of Children: A Systematic Literature Review. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2020;18(March):1-12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/117958.
26. Dal Bom JP, Mazzucchetti L, Malta MB, Ladeia-Andrade S, de Castro MC, Cardoso MA, et al. Early Determinants of Linear Growth and Weight Attained in The First Year of life in A Malaria Endemic Region. Plos One. 2019;14(8). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220513.
27. Pinceli A, Neves PAR, Lourenc¸o BH, Corder RM, Malta MB, Sampaio-Silva J, et al. The Hidden Burden of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in Pregnancy in the Amazon: An Observational Study In Northwestern Brazil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2018;99(1):73–83. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0135.
28. Natama HM, Moncunill G, Rovira-Vallbona E, Sanz H, Sorgho H, Aguilar R, Coulibaly-Traore´ M, et al. Modulation of Innate Immune Responses at Birth by Prenatal Malaria Exposure and Association with Malaria Risk During the First Year of Life. BMC Medicine. 2018;16(1):198-212.
29. Robin J. Using Aggregate Administrative Data in Social Policy Research, OPRE Report #2016-91, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families. U.S: Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.
30. Devriany A, Wardani Z, Yunihar. Perbedaan Status Pemberian ASI Ekslusif terhadap Perubahan Panjang Badan Bayi Neonatus. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2018;14(1):44-51.
31. Utami Hamdany Sakti A, Saifuddin Sirajuddin. Risk Factors of Stunting Case on Children Aged 24-59 Months in Slums of Makassar City. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2018;7(1):17-22.
32. Rahmad AHA, Miko A. Kajian Stunting pada Anak Balita Berdasarkan Pola Asuh dan Pendapatan Keluarga di Kota Banda Aceh. Kesmas Indonesia. 2016;8(2):63-79.
33. Fitri L. Hubungan BBLR dan Asi Ekslusif dengan Kejadian Stunting di Puskesmas Lima Puluh Pekanbaru. Jurnal Endurance: Kajian Ilmiah Problema Kesehatan. 2018;3(1):131-137
34. Subandra Y, Zuhairini Y, Djais J. Hubungan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dan Makanan Pendamping ASI terhadap Balita Pendek Usia 2 sampai 5 tahun di Kecamatan Jatinangor. Jurnal Sistem Kesehatan. 2018;3(1):142-148.
35. BPS. Indikator Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (TPB) Indonesia 2019. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2019.
Authors
Wardani, Z., Sukandar, D., Baliwati, Y. F., & Riyadi, H. (2020). Akses Sanitasi, Merokok dan Annual Parasite Incidence Malaria sebagai Prediktor Stunting Baduta di Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 16(1), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v16i1.9070
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