Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kesalahan Persepsi Ibu tentang Status Gizi Anak
Abstract
Malnutrition is a significant health problem among Indonesian children. Mothers play a very importantrole in the prevention of childhood malnutrition. This study aimed to compare the child’s nutritional statusbased on mothers’ perception and anthropometry measurement and to analyze contributing factors of maternalmisclassification of a child’s weight status. This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design.Research subjects included 250 mothers of grade 4 and 5 students from 6 elementary schools in Pekanbaru cityrecruited by the proportional quota sampling method. The Nutritional status of children was classified accordingto the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) anthropometry standard. Mothers’ perception of child’s weightstatus was collected using questionnaires. Based on anthropometry measurement, 28% and 10% of children wereoverweight and underweight, respectively. In contrast, according to mothers, 4,8% of children were overweightand 12,8% ofchildren were underweight. As many as 34.8% of mothers had incorrect perceptions about thenutritional status of their children and there was a poor agreement of mothers’ perception and child’s nutritionalstatus (Kappa coefficient of 0,02). Working mothers were more likely to underestimate their child’s weight statuscompared to stay-at-home mothers (p=0,004).
References
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2. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2010. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2010.
3. World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the Comission on Ending Childhood Obesity. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
4. Ijarotimi OS. Determinants of Childhood Malnutrition and Consequences in Developing Countries. Current Nutrition Reports. 2013;2(3):129–133.
5. Beets MW, Cardinal BJ, Alderman BL. Parental Social Support and the Physical Activity-Related Behaviors of Youth: A Review. Health Education Behavior. 2010;37(5):621–644.
6. Østbye T, Malhotra R, Stroo M, Lovelady C, Brouwer R, Zucker N, et al. The Effect of the Home Environment on Physical Activity and Dietary Intake in Preschool Children. International Journal of Obesity. 2013;37(10):1314–1321.
7. Drenowatz C, Erkelenz N, Wartha O, Brandstetter S, Steinacker JM, on behalf of the URMEL-ICE Study Group. Parental Characteristics Have a Larger Effect on Children’s Health Behaviour than Their Body Weight. Obesity Facts. 2014;7(6):388–398.
8. Parkinson KN, Reilly JJ, Basterfield L, Reilly JK, Janssen X, Jones AR, et al. Mothers’ Perceptions of Child Weight Status and the Subsequent Weight Gain of their Children: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Obesity. 2017;41(5):801–806.
9. Black JA, Park M, Gregson J, Falconer CL, White B, Kessel AS, et al. Child Obesity Cut-Offs as Derived from Parental Perceptions: Cross-sectional Questionnaire. British Journal of General Practice. 2015;65(633):234-239.
10. Warkentin S, Mais LA, Latorre MDR, Carnell S, Taddei JA. Factors Associated with Parental Underestimation of Child’s Weight Status. Journal de Pediatria. 2018;94(2):162-169.
11. Shrewsbury V, Wardle J. Socioeconomic Status and Adiposity in Childhood: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies 1990-2005. Obesity. 2008;16(2):275–284.
12. Dhayanaputri IS, Hartini TNS, Kristina SA. Persepsi Ibu, Guru dan Tenaga Kesehatan tentang Obesitas pada Anak Taman Kanak-Kanak. Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat. 2011;27(1):32–40.
13. Sedgwick P. Proportional Quota Sampling. BMJ. 2012;345:6336.
14. Charan J, Biswas T. How to Calculate Sample Size for Different Study Designs in Medical Research? Indian Journal of Psychologic Medicine. 2013;35(2):121–126.
15. Farahani SJ, Chin YS, Taib MNM, Amiri P. Parental Correlates of Body Weight Status Among High School Students in Tehran. International Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017;15(2):15–17.
16. Badan Pusat Statistik. Peraturan Kepala Badan Pusat Statistik Nomor 37 Tahun 2010. Klasifikasi Perkotaan dan Perdesaan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2010.
17. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2013.
18. Rahmawati, Tuti MD. Gambaran Status Gizi pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. Profesi. 2016;14(1):72–76.
19. Amany T, Sekartini R. Hubungan Antara Status Gizi dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa SDN 03 Pondok Cina Depok Tahun 2015. Sari Pediatri. 2017;18(6):487–491.
20. Zamzani M, Hadi H, Astiti D. Aktivitas Fisik Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Obesitas pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Gizi dan Dietetik Indonesia. 2016;4(3):123–128.
21. Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, Sofi NY, Kumar R, Bhadoria AS. Childhood Obesity: Causes and Consequences. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2015;4(2):187–192.
22. Renyoet BS, Martianto D, Iskandar D. Estimasi Potensi Kerugian Ekonomi pada Balita Obesitas yang Diprediksi Mengalami Obesitas saat Dewasa di Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2017;13(1):42–50.
23. Fitzsimons E, Pongiglione B. The Impact of Maternal Employment on Children’s Weight: Evidence from the UK. SSM-Population Health. 2019;7:100333.
24. Nemecek D, Sebelefsky C, Woditschka A, Voitl P. Overweight in Children and Its Perception by Parents: Cross-sectional Observation in A General Pediatric Outpatient Clinic. BMC Pediatrics.
2017;17(212):1–10.
25. Davison KK, Francis LA, Birch LL. Reexamining Obesigenic Families: Parents’ Obesity-Related Behaviors Predict Girls’ Change in
BMI. Obesity Research. 2005;13(11):1980–1990.
26. Hudson E, McGloin A, McConnon A. Parental Weight (Mis) Perceptions: Factors Influencing Parents’ Ability to Correctly Categorise Their Child’s Weight Status. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2012;16(9):1801–1809.
27. Jain A, Sherman SN, Chamberlin LA, Carter Y, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. Why Don’t Low-Income Mothers Worry About Their Preschoolers Being Overweight?. Pediatrics. 2001;107(5):1138–1146.
28. Manios Y, Kondaki K, Kourlaba G, Vasilopoulou E, Grammatikaki E. Maternal Perceptions of Their Child ’ s Weight Status: the GENESIS Study. Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(8):1099–1105.
29. Ariesthi KD, Adhi KT, Wirawan DN. Faktor Risiko Gizi Buruk dan Gizi Kurang pada Balita di Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya Nusa Tenggara Timur. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive. 2015;3(1):27–33.
30. Maynard LM, Galuska DA, Blanck HM, Serdula MK. Maternal Perceptions of Weight Status of Children. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5):1226–1231.
31. Leonita E, Nopriadi. Persepsi Ibu terhadap Obesitas pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas. 2010;1(1):39–48.
32. McDonald SW, Ginez HK, Vinturache AE, Tough SC. Maternal Perceptions of Underweight and Overweight for 6-8 Years Olds from A Canadian Cohort: Reporting Weights, Concerns and Conversations with Healthcare Providers. BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):1-7.
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2. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2010. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2010.
3. World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the Comission on Ending Childhood Obesity. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
4. Ijarotimi OS. Determinants of Childhood Malnutrition and Consequences in Developing Countries. Current Nutrition Reports. 2013;2(3):129–133.
5. Beets MW, Cardinal BJ, Alderman BL. Parental Social Support and the Physical Activity-Related Behaviors of Youth: A Review. Health Education Behavior. 2010;37(5):621–644.
6. Østbye T, Malhotra R, Stroo M, Lovelady C, Brouwer R, Zucker N, et al. The Effect of the Home Environment on Physical Activity and Dietary Intake in Preschool Children. International Journal of Obesity. 2013;37(10):1314–1321.
7. Drenowatz C, Erkelenz N, Wartha O, Brandstetter S, Steinacker JM, on behalf of the URMEL-ICE Study Group. Parental Characteristics Have a Larger Effect on Children’s Health Behaviour than Their Body Weight. Obesity Facts. 2014;7(6):388–398.
8. Parkinson KN, Reilly JJ, Basterfield L, Reilly JK, Janssen X, Jones AR, et al. Mothers’ Perceptions of Child Weight Status and the Subsequent Weight Gain of their Children: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Obesity. 2017;41(5):801–806.
9. Black JA, Park M, Gregson J, Falconer CL, White B, Kessel AS, et al. Child Obesity Cut-Offs as Derived from Parental Perceptions: Cross-sectional Questionnaire. British Journal of General Practice. 2015;65(633):234-239.
10. Warkentin S, Mais LA, Latorre MDR, Carnell S, Taddei JA. Factors Associated with Parental Underestimation of Child’s Weight Status. Journal de Pediatria. 2018;94(2):162-169.
11. Shrewsbury V, Wardle J. Socioeconomic Status and Adiposity in Childhood: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies 1990-2005. Obesity. 2008;16(2):275–284.
12. Dhayanaputri IS, Hartini TNS, Kristina SA. Persepsi Ibu, Guru dan Tenaga Kesehatan tentang Obesitas pada Anak Taman Kanak-Kanak. Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat. 2011;27(1):32–40.
13. Sedgwick P. Proportional Quota Sampling. BMJ. 2012;345:6336.
14. Charan J, Biswas T. How to Calculate Sample Size for Different Study Designs in Medical Research? Indian Journal of Psychologic Medicine. 2013;35(2):121–126.
15. Farahani SJ, Chin YS, Taib MNM, Amiri P. Parental Correlates of Body Weight Status Among High School Students in Tehran. International Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017;15(2):15–17.
16. Badan Pusat Statistik. Peraturan Kepala Badan Pusat Statistik Nomor 37 Tahun 2010. Klasifikasi Perkotaan dan Perdesaan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2010.
17. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2013.
18. Rahmawati, Tuti MD. Gambaran Status Gizi pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. Profesi. 2016;14(1):72–76.
19. Amany T, Sekartini R. Hubungan Antara Status Gizi dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa SDN 03 Pondok Cina Depok Tahun 2015. Sari Pediatri. 2017;18(6):487–491.
20. Zamzani M, Hadi H, Astiti D. Aktivitas Fisik Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Obesitas pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Gizi dan Dietetik Indonesia. 2016;4(3):123–128.
21. Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, Sofi NY, Kumar R, Bhadoria AS. Childhood Obesity: Causes and Consequences. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2015;4(2):187–192.
22. Renyoet BS, Martianto D, Iskandar D. Estimasi Potensi Kerugian Ekonomi pada Balita Obesitas yang Diprediksi Mengalami Obesitas saat Dewasa di Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2017;13(1):42–50.
23. Fitzsimons E, Pongiglione B. The Impact of Maternal Employment on Children’s Weight: Evidence from the UK. SSM-Population Health. 2019;7:100333.
24. Nemecek D, Sebelefsky C, Woditschka A, Voitl P. Overweight in Children and Its Perception by Parents: Cross-sectional Observation in A General Pediatric Outpatient Clinic. BMC Pediatrics.
2017;17(212):1–10.
25. Davison KK, Francis LA, Birch LL. Reexamining Obesigenic Families: Parents’ Obesity-Related Behaviors Predict Girls’ Change in
BMI. Obesity Research. 2005;13(11):1980–1990.
26. Hudson E, McGloin A, McConnon A. Parental Weight (Mis) Perceptions: Factors Influencing Parents’ Ability to Correctly Categorise Their Child’s Weight Status. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2012;16(9):1801–1809.
27. Jain A, Sherman SN, Chamberlin LA, Carter Y, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. Why Don’t Low-Income Mothers Worry About Their Preschoolers Being Overweight?. Pediatrics. 2001;107(5):1138–1146.
28. Manios Y, Kondaki K, Kourlaba G, Vasilopoulou E, Grammatikaki E. Maternal Perceptions of Their Child ’ s Weight Status: the GENESIS Study. Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(8):1099–1105.
29. Ariesthi KD, Adhi KT, Wirawan DN. Faktor Risiko Gizi Buruk dan Gizi Kurang pada Balita di Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya Nusa Tenggara Timur. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive. 2015;3(1):27–33.
30. Maynard LM, Galuska DA, Blanck HM, Serdula MK. Maternal Perceptions of Weight Status of Children. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5):1226–1231.
31. Leonita E, Nopriadi. Persepsi Ibu terhadap Obesitas pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas. 2010;1(1):39–48.
32. McDonald SW, Ginez HK, Vinturache AE, Tough SC. Maternal Perceptions of Underweight and Overweight for 6-8 Years Olds from A Canadian Cohort: Reporting Weights, Concerns and Conversations with Healthcare Providers. BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):1-7.
Authors
Arfianti, A., Kesuma, T. M. P., Septima, M. B., Dini, R. S., & Chandra, F. (2019). Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kesalahan Persepsi Ibu tentang Status Gizi Anak. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 15(4), 329-337. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v15i4.7461
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