Konsentrasi Paraquat dalam Urin Pekerja Akibat Paparan Paraquat di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit
Abstract
Paraquat is an active ingredient of herbicide, it is very toxic mainly in humans and can enter the bodythrough ingestion, inhalation and skin. This study aimed to analyze paraquat exposure to paraquat concentrationsin the urine of workers on palm oil plantations. This study used a cross sectional design, with a sample of 60workers and randomly selected, urine was collected on the last day of paraquat spraying. Paraquat in urine wastested in a laboratory using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using the EPA 549.2 methods.Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate using Mann Whitney test.The average of paraquat concentrationin urine of men workers was 6.35 mg / L and women 6.55 mg / L, with a range between <0.25 - 35.75 mg / L. Theresults of Mann Whitney test showed that the difference of paraquat concentration in urine of workers was influencedby several variables, namely length of work (p=0.026), spraying method (p=0.048), eating / drinking duringapplication (p=0.040), completeness of using personal protection equipment (p=0.03) and decontamination afterspraying (p=0.026).This study provided evidence of paraquat presence in urine workers’. Therefore it is necessaryto urine examination periodically.
References
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36. Wojeck G.A, Price JF, Nigge HN, Stamper JH. Worker Exposure to Paraquat and Diquat. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1983;12:65-70.
37. Sembel D.T. Toksikologi Lingkungan Dampak Pencemaran dari Berbagai Bahan Kimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari. Yogyakarta; 2015.
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2. Qian H, Wei C, Liwei S, Yuanxiang J, Zhengwei F. Inhibitory effects of paraquat on photosinthesis and the response in Chlorella vulgaris. Ecotoxicology, 2009;18:537-543.
3. Soenardjo. Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Karang Pendegradasi Senyawa Herbisida Paraquat di Perairan Pantai Teluk Awur Jepara. Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang; 2004.
4. World Health Organization. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification. Geneva; 2009.
5. Watts M. Paraquat. PANAP (Pesticide Action Network Asia & Pacifik); 2011.
6. Permentan, RI. Nomor 01 tentang Daftar Bahan Aktif Pestisida Dilarang dan Terbatas. Jakarta;2007.
7. Djojosumarto. Teknik Aplikasi Pestisida Pertanian. Yogyakarta, Kanisius; 2008.
8. Banday T.H., Bashir S, Bhat Shasikant, K Ashwin, Praveen S.G., Jagadees. Manifestation and Management of Paraquat Intoxication. A Deadly Poison. IOSDR. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2014;12(6):74-76.
9. Kervegant M., Merigot L., Glaizal M., Schmitt C., TichadouL., HaroL. Paraquat Poisonings in France during the European Ban Experience of the Poison Control Center in Marseille. J. Med. Toxicol. 2013;9:144-147.
10. Hwang K.Y., Lee E.Y., Hong S.Y., Paraquat Intoxication in Korea, Archives of Environmental Health. 2002;162-166.
11. Landrigan PJ., and Claudio L. Pestisida, Environmental Toxicants, Third Edition Edited by Morton Lippmann; 2009.
12. Hancock D.B., Martin E.R., Mayhew G.M., Stajich J. M., Jewett R, Stacy M.A., ScottB.L., Vance J.M., Scott WK. Pesticide exposure and risk of Parkinson’sdisease : A familybased case-control study. BMC Neurology, 2008;8(6):1-12.
13. Cory-Slechta D.A., Thiruchelvam M., Barlow B.K., Richfield E. K. Developmental Pesticide Models of the Parkinson Disease Phenotype. Environ. Health Perspective. 2005;113(9):1263-1270.
14. Changbin Du. Paraquat, Toxicity and Mechanism. Department of Radiation Oncology The University of Lowa; 2005.
15. Gawarammana B.I., and Buckley A. N. Medical Management of Paraquat Ingestion. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2010;72(5) :745-757.
16. Costello S, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Zhang X, and Ritz B,. Parkinson’s Disease and Residential Exposure to Maneb and Paraquat Fromagricultural Applications in the Central Valley of California. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;169(8):919-926.
17. Li Z, Dong T, Proschel C, Noble M. Chemically Diverse Toxicantsconverge on Fyn and c-Cbl to Disrupt Precursor Cell Function. PLOS Biologi. 2007;5(2):0212-0231.
18. Kang MJ., GilSJ., KohHC. Paraquat Induces Alternation of Thedopamine Catabolic Pathways and Glutathione Levels in the Substantia Nigraof Mice. Toxicol Lett. 2009;188:148-152.
19. Chen Q., Niu Y., Zhang R., Guo H., Gao Y., Li Y., Liu R. The Toxicinfuence of Paraquat on Hippocampus of Mice: Involvement of Oxidativestress. Neurotoxicol. 2010;31(3):310-316.
20. Lock E.A., and Wilks M.F. Paraquat. in: Krieger RI (ed.), Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (3.ed.),. Elsevier Inc.2010;1767-1823.
21. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Fact about Paraquat; 2003.
22. Maksuk, Malaka T, Suheryanto, Umayah A. Environmental Health Risk Analysis of Paraquat Exposure in Palm Oil Plantations. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS). 2016;5(4):465-469.
23. Maksuk, Malaka T, Suheryanto, Umayah A. Risk Quotient of Airborne Paraquat Exposure among Workers in Palm Oil Plantation, International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS). 2018;7(2):97-101. DOI: 10.11591/ijphs.v7i2.pp97-101.
24. Morshed MM, Omar D, Mohammad R, Wahed S & Rahman MA., “Airborne Paraquat Measurement and Its Exposure in Treated Field Environment”. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology. 2010;12:679-684.
25. Dinis-Oliveira R.J., Duarte J.A. Paraquat Poisonings: Mechanisms of Lung Toxicity, Clinical Features and Treatment. Critical Review Toxicology. 2008;38:13-71.
26. Lee K, ParkE.K., Marois M.S., Marja E.K., Gee S.J., Hammock B.D., Beckett L.A., Schenker M.B. Occupational Paraquat Exposure of Agricultural Workers in Large Costa Rican Farms. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009;82:455-462.
27. van Wendel De Joode B.N., De Graaf Inge A.N., Wesseling C, Kromhout H. Paraquat Exposure of Knapsack Spray Operators on Banana Plantations in Costa Rica. International Journal Occupational Environmental Health. 1996;2(4):294-304.
28. Chester G, Gurunathan G, Jones N, Woolen B.H. Occupational Exposure of Sri Lankan Tea Plantation Workers to Paraquat. Bulletin WHO. 1993;71:625-32.
29. Baselt R.C., & Cravey R.H. Paraquat In: Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 3rd ed, Chicago; 1989,637-640.
30. Konthonbut P, Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Tipayamongkholgul, Yoosook W, Woskie S. Paraquat Exposure of Pregnant Women and Neonates in Agricultural Areas in Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2018;15(6),1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061163.
31. Dahlan S. Besar Sampel dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel dalam Penelitian Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, Edisi 3 cetakan 2. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2012.
32. Dahlan S. Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan: Deskriptif, Bivariat, dan Multivariat, Edisi 5 cetakan 3. Jakarta: Salemba Medika;2013.
33. Guyton A.C.,& Hall J.E. Text Book of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Copy Right by Elsevier Inc; 2006
34. Ekwall B, Clemedson C, Crafoord B, Hallander S, Walum E, Bondesson I. MEIC Evaluation of Acute Systemic Toxicity. Part V. Rodent and Human Toxicity Data for the 50 Reference Chemicals. ATLA 26;1998:571-616.
35. Houze P, Baud FJ, Mouy R, Bismuth C, Bourdon R, Scherrmann JM. Toxicokinetics of Paraquat in Humans. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1990;9(1):5-12.
36. Wojeck G.A, Price JF, Nigge HN, Stamper JH. Worker Exposure to Paraquat and Diquat. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1983;12:65-70.
37. Sembel D.T. Toksikologi Lingkungan Dampak Pencemaran dari Berbagai Bahan Kimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari. Yogyakarta; 2015.
38. Kementerian Pertanian RI. Pedoman Penggunaan Pestisida Pertanian. Direktorat Sarana dan Prasarana Pertanian. Jakarta; 2011
39. Rozman K.K.,& C.D., Klaasen. Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Toxicants. in Casarett & Doull’s Essentilas of Toxicology. Ed. By CD Klaasen and JB Watkins III; 2003.
40. European Commission (EC). Review Report for the Active Substance Paraquat. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission,Brussels; 2003.
41. Tchounwou P. B. Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Usage in Menia El-Kamh Province of Sharkia Governorate in Egypt. Environmental Toxicology. 2002;1082-1094.
42. Oliveira P.J. Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Biomonitoring of Farmers and Residents Exposed to Pesticides in Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012;9(9):3051-3068.
43. Kishor Atreya. Pesticide Use Knowledge and Practices: A Gender Differences in Nepal. Environmental Research. 2007;104(2):305-311.
Authors
Maksuk, M. .-. (2019). Konsentrasi Paraquat dalam Urin Pekerja Akibat Paparan Paraquat di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 15(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v15i1.5910
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