Analisis Perilaku dan Faktor Penyebab Perilaku Penggunaan Antibiotik Tanpa Resep di Surabaya
Abstract
There is limited information regarding the behavior and determinant factors of non-prescribed use of antibioticsinSurabaya. The purpose of this study was to identify the behavior and the most influential factors in usingantibiotics without prescription. This was a cross sectional studyconducted insubjects who bought antibiotics withoutprescription in 90 pharmacies in Surabaya during December 2014-April 2015. Eight complex questions wereused to identify the behavior. The contributing factors of non-prescription behavior were identified by using twostatistical methods, including: descriptive analysis by comparing the mean of the questions in each factor theme,and factor analysis using orthogonal rotation (varimax). There were 267 respondents involved in this study. Themajority of respondents who bought antibiotics without prescription ranged from age 21-30 years old (36.33%),frequency buying antibiotics 1/month (45.70%), intended for themselves (56.55%), buying antibiotics soon afterthe symptoms appeared (33.70%), and intended for runny nose/flu indication (21.30%). Based on the descriptivestatistic, the theme “aspects that encourage” was found as the factor contributed to the use of antibiotics withoutprescription. The value of cumulative percent total variance found in the factor analysis method explained was48.03%, with the biggest value on the first factor that was 23.91%. The most influential factor was the ease of accessto get the antibiotics and the saving of money. The results of this study can be used to determine the appropriateintervention to deal with the use of antibiotics without prescription in the pharmacies.Considering the complexcauses of such behavior, pharmacist should not be blamed as the only cause of non-prescribed use of antibiotics.
References
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32. Fadare JO, Tamuno I. Antibiotic Self Medication among University Medical Undergraduates in Northern Nigeria. JPublic Health Epidemiol. 2011;3(5):217-20.
33. Belkina TV, Khojiev DS, Tillyashaykhov MN, Tigay ZN, Kudenov MU, Tebbens JD, et al. Delay in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Uzbekistan: a Cross Sectional Study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:624.
34. Shah SJ, Ahmad H, Rehan RB, Najeeb S, Mumtaz M, Jilani MH, et al. Self Medication with Antibiotics among Non-Medical University Students of Karachi: a Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;15:74.
35. Ogden J. Health Beliefs. Health Psychology. 4th ed. New York: Open University Press;2007.
36. Donkor ES, Tetteh-quarcoo PB, Nartey P, Agyeman IO. Self-Medication Practices with antibiotics among Tertiary Level Students in Accra, Ghana: a Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(10): 3519-29.
37. Bebell LM, Muiru AN. Antibiotic Use and Emerging Resistance How Can Resource Limited Countries Turn the Tide?. Glob Heart. 2014;9(3):347-58.
38. Yu M, Zhao G, Staisby Lundborg C, Zhu Y, hao Q, Xu B. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Parents in Rural China on the Use of Antibiotics in Children: a Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Infect is. 2014;14:112.
39. Levesque A, Li HZ. The Relationship between Culture, Health Conceptions, and Health Practices:a Qualitative-Quantitative Approach. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2014;45(4):628-45.
2. National Center for Health Statistics. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2009 Summary Tables. Hyattsvile, MD; 2009.
3. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment 2013. Oslo; 2012.
4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption in Europe 2010. Stockholm: ECDC;2013.
5. Al-faham Z, Habboub G, Takriti F. The sale of Antibiotics without Prescription in Pharmacies in Damascus, Syria. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011;5(5):369-99.
6. Plachouras D, Kavatha D, Antoniadou A, Giannitsioti E, Poulakou G, Kanellakopoulou K, et al. Dispensing of Antibiotics without Prescription in Greece. 2008: Another Link in the Antibiotic Resistance Chain. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(7):4-7.
7. Bin Abdulhak AA, Altannir MA, Almansor MA, Almohaya MS, Onazi AS, Marei MA, et al. Non Prescribed Sale of Antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):538.
8. Llor C, Cots JM. The Sale of Antibiotics without Prescription in Pharmacies in Catalonia, Spain. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(10):1345-9.
9. Khan SJ, Khan S, Shah N, Complex HM. Self Medication with Antibiotics in Urban Areas of Peshawar. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences.2011;9(1):2009-12.
10. Abasaeed A, Vlcek J, Abuelkhair M, Kubena A. Self Medication with Antibiotics by the community of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3(7):491-7.
11. Widayati A, Suryawati S, de Crespigny C, Hiller JE. Self Medication with Antibiotics in Yogyakarta City Indonesia: a Cross Sectional Population Based Survey. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:491.
12. Skalet AH, Cevallos V, Ayele B, Gebre T,Zhou Z, Jorgensen JH, et al. Antibiotic Selection Pressure and Macrolide Resistance in Nasopharyngeal Streptococcus Pneumoniae: a Cluster Randomized Clinical trial. PLoS Med.2010;7(12):e1000377.
13. Hicks LA, Chien YW, Taylor TH, Haber M, Klugman KP. Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing and Non-Susceptible Streptococcus Pneumoniae in the United States, 1996-2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):631-9.
14. Tan SK, Tay YK. Profile and Pattern of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in a General Hospital in singapore: Treatment Outcomes. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(1):62-6.
15. Durrieu G, Maupiler M, Rousseau V, Chebane L, Montastruc F, Bondon-Guitton E, et al. Frequency and Nature of Adverse Drug reactions Due to Non-Prescription Drugs in Children: a Retrospective Analysis from the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Paediatr Drugs. 2018;20(1):81-7.
16. Emeka PM, Al-Omar MJ, Khan TM. A Qualitative Study Exploring Role of Community Pharmacy in the Irrational Use and Purchase of Non-Prescription Antibiotics in Al Ahsa. EurJ Gen Med. 2012;9(4):230-4.
17. Hadi U, van den Broek P, Kolopaking EP, Zairina N, Gardjito W, Gyssens IC. Cross Sectional study of Availability and Pharmaceutical Quality of Antibiotics Requested with or without Prescription (Over the Counter) in Surabaya,Indonesia. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:203.
18. Nga do TT, Chuc NT, Hoa NP, Hoa NQ, Nguyen NT, Loan HT, et al. Antibiotic Sales in Rural and Urban Pharmacies in Northern Vietnam: an Observational Study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;15:6.
19. Zoorob R, Grigoryan L, Nash S, Trautner BW. Non Prescription Antimicrobial Use in a Primary Care Population in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(9):5527-32.
20. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance. WHO Web sites; 2014 [cited 2016 Apr 20]; Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/.
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web Sites; 2013 [cited 2016 Apr 20]; Available rom: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf.
22. Djawaria DPA, Prayitno A, Setiawan E.Pengembangan dan Validasi Kuesioner untuk Mengidentifikasi Faktor Penyebab Perilaku Penggunaan Antibiotik tanpa Resep Dokter. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2018;16(1):107-114.
23. Notoadmojo S. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta;2005.
24. Puspitasari HP, Faturrohmah A, Hermansyah A. Do Indonesian Community Pharmacy Workers Respond to Antibiotics Requests
Appropriately?. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16(7):840-6.
25. Bin Nafisah S, Bin Nafesa S, Alamery AH, Alhumaid MA, AlMuhaidib HM, Al-Eidan FA.Over the Counter Antibiotics in Saudi Arabia, an Urgent Call for Policy Makers. J Infect Public Health. 2017;10(5):522-6.
26. Widayati A, Suryawati S, de Crespigny C, Hiller JE. Beliefs about the Use of Non Prescribed Antibiotics among People in Yogyakarta City,Indonesia: a Qualitative Study Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Asia PacJ Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP402-13.
27. Sabuncu E, David J, Bernede-Bauduin C, Pepin S, Leroy M, Boelle PY, et al. Significant Reduction of Antibiotic Use in the Community after a Nationwide Campaign in France, 2002-2007. PLoS Med. 2009;6(6):e1000084.
28. Sumpradit N, Chongtrakul P, Anuwong K, Pumtong S, Kongsomboon K, Butdeemee P, et al. Antibiotics Smart Use: a Workable Model for Promoting the Rational Use of Medicines in Thailand. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90(12):905-13.
29. Grigoryan L, Monnet DL, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Bonten MJ, Lundborg S, Verheij TJ. Self edication with Antibiotics in Europe: a case for action. Curr Drug Saf. 2010;5(4):329-32.
30. Suaifan GARY, Shehadeh M, Darwish DA, Al-ijel H, Yousef AM, Darwish RM. A Cross Sectional Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Related to Antibiotic Use and Resistance among Medical and Non Medical University Students in Jordan. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2012;6(10):763-70.
31. Belkina T, Al Warafi A, Hussein Eltom E, Tadjieva N, Kubena A, Vicek J. Antibiotic Use and Knowledge in the Community of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Uzbekistan. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(4):424-9.
32. Fadare JO, Tamuno I. Antibiotic Self Medication among University Medical Undergraduates in Northern Nigeria. JPublic Health Epidemiol. 2011;3(5):217-20.
33. Belkina TV, Khojiev DS, Tillyashaykhov MN, Tigay ZN, Kudenov MU, Tebbens JD, et al. Delay in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Uzbekistan: a Cross Sectional Study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:624.
34. Shah SJ, Ahmad H, Rehan RB, Najeeb S, Mumtaz M, Jilani MH, et al. Self Medication with Antibiotics among Non-Medical University Students of Karachi: a Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;15:74.
35. Ogden J. Health Beliefs. Health Psychology. 4th ed. New York: Open University Press;2007.
36. Donkor ES, Tetteh-quarcoo PB, Nartey P, Agyeman IO. Self-Medication Practices with antibiotics among Tertiary Level Students in Accra, Ghana: a Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(10): 3519-29.
37. Bebell LM, Muiru AN. Antibiotic Use and Emerging Resistance How Can Resource Limited Countries Turn the Tide?. Glob Heart. 2014;9(3):347-58.
38. Yu M, Zhao G, Staisby Lundborg C, Zhu Y, hao Q, Xu B. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Parents in Rural China on the Use of Antibiotics in Children: a Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Infect is. 2014;14:112.
39. Levesque A, Li HZ. The Relationship between Culture, Health Conceptions, and Health Practices:a Qualitative-Quantitative Approach. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2014;45(4):628-45.
Authors
Djawaria, D. P. A., Setiadi, A. P., & Setiawan, E. (2018). Analisis Perilaku dan Faktor Penyebab Perilaku Penggunaan Antibiotik Tanpa Resep di Surabaya. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 14(4), 406-417. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v14i4.5080
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