Potential of Noni Leaf Extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) As Aedes aegypti Mosquito Repellent
Abstract
Dengue fever is transmitted every year by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Indonesia. One way to prevent this is by using repellents, such as the noni leaf extract (Morinda citrifolia L.). The objective of this study was to analyze the potential of the noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaf extract as a repellent against Aedes aegypti. The study employed a post-test research design with only a control group, using concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, and 37.5%, and 25 mosquitoes with 6 repetitions. The technique for data collection involved counting mosquitoes that perched on hands. The study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Anova One Away Post Hoc and the power protection formula. The research on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that perched for 6 hours showed that the noni leaf extract concentration of 37.5% had an average of 2.5 tails perched. The concentration of the noni leaf extract is 37.5%, according to the Pesticide Committee standard (1995). The average protection power for 6 hours is 90.86%. The study also suggests investigating the side effects of use and the addition of an HPMC gelling agent. However, for concentrations of 12.5% and 25%, the protective power is less than 90%. This study shows that concentrations of 37.5% are effective for repelling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Further research can be conducted using old or yellowed leaves, as well as for repelling culex and Anopheles mosquitoes.
References
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24. Ihwah A, Deoranto P, Wijana S, Dewi IA. Comparative Study Between Federer and Gomez Method For Number of Replication in Complete Randomized Design Using Simulation: Study of Areca Palm (Areca catechu) As Organic Waste for Producing Handicraft Paper. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018;131(1). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/131/1/012049/pdf
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http://www.jfmpc.com/article.asp?issn=2249-4863;year=2017;volume=6;issue=1;spage=169;epage=170;aulast=Faizi
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31. Wahyuni D, Sholikatin N. Repellent Effectiveness Test of Kaffir Lime Leaf Extract (Citrus Hystrix D.C) Against Aedes Aegypti Mosquito. Jurnal Pharma Bhakta. 2022;1(2):20–29. https://jurnalpharmabhakta.iik.ac.id/index.php/jpb/article/view/13/10
32. Lestari S, Septiyani BN, Proklamasiningsih E. Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Kitolod (Hippobroma longiflora L.) at Different Altitude Sri. LenteraBio: Berkala Ilmiah Biology. 2024;13(2):212–218. https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/lenterabio/article/view/23498/10940
33. Armayanti, Ashari R. Efficiency of Nori Leaf Extract Used As A Spray In The Control of Aedes Aegypti Mosquito. Jurnal Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat. 2019;19(2):157–161.
https://journal.poltekkes-mks.ac.id/ojs2/index.php/Sulolipu/article/view/1349/881
34. Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, et al. Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules. 2020;25:1–39. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225243
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36. Wheelwright M, Whittle CR, Riabinina O. Olfactory Systems Across Mosquito Species. Cell and Tissue Research. 2021;383(1):75–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03407-2
37. Safitri IA, Cahyati WH. Effectiveness Of Zodia Leaves (Evodia Suaveolens) As Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Repellent. Care Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan. 2018;6(1):1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229027773.pdf
38. Sudiarti M, Ahyanti M, Yushananta P, Tanjungkarang PK. Effectiveness Of Zodia Leaves (Evodia Suaveolens) As Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Repellent. Ruwa Jurai: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan. 2021;15(1):8–15. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229027773.pdf
39. Pandu ZA, Arif W, Teguh W. Effectiveness of Various Concentrations of Clover Leaf Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum, L.) As A Repellent Against the Rest of the Aedes Aegypti Mosquito. Buletin Keslingmas: Buletin Kesehatan Lingkungan Masyarakat. 2019;38(3):55–62. https://ejournal.poltekkes-smg.ac.id/ojs/index.php/keslingmas/article/view/5399/1413
40. Sari LR, Hestiningsih R. Repellent Efficacy of Kecombrang (Nicolaia Speciosa Horan) Extract Against Aedes Aegypti Linn Mosquitoes. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2016;3(3):754–763. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm/article/view/12738
41. Nisa M, Irmayani I, Sarty SD. Development of Spray Gel Formulation for Ethanol Extract of Komba Komba Leaves (Eupatorim Odoratum) as Repellent Candidate. JSFK (Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis). 2022;20;5(1):41–45.
https://openjournal.stifera.ac.id/index.php/jfsi/article/view/93
2. Zeng Z, Zhan J, Chen L, Chen H, Cheng S. Global, Regional, and National Dengue Burden from 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;32:100712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100712
3. Kemenkes RI. Indonesia Health Profile 2019. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2019.
https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatan-indonesia/Profil-Kesehatan-indonesia-2019.pdf
4. Atikasari E, Sulistyorini L. Control of Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Vectors in Surabaya City Hospital. Indonesian Journal of Public Health. 2019;13(1):73. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v13i1.2018.73-84
5. Zerfu B, Kassa T, Legesse M. Epidemiology, Biology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Infection, and its Trend in Ethiopia: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2023;51(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-023-00504-0
6. Izza BA, Nurmayanti D, Mirasa YA. Spatial Analysis of the Effect of House Index with DHF Cases in Bangilan District, Tuban Regency. BALABA. 2022;18(2):149–158. https://journalkolegium.epidemiologi.id/index.php/kei/article/view/82
7. Murwanto B, Trigunarso SI, Purwono P. Factors of Social Environment, Physical Environment, and Control of DHF Programme on the Incidence of Dengue Fever (DHF). Jurnal Kesehatan. 2019;10(3):453. http://ejurnal.poltekkes-tjk.ac.id/index.php/JK
8. Nurmayanti D, Mukarromah HN, Marlik, Ane R La. Geographic Distribution of DHF Cases and Larvae Free Index In Situbondo Regency, 2019-2021. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2023;19(1):9–18. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/22633
9. Ngadino, Marlik, Nurmayanti D. Resistance of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes to Cypermethrin. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya. 2021. http://repo.poltekkesdepkes-sby.ac.id/3751/
10. Nurmayanti D. Conventional Detection of Resistance of Aedes aegypti Larvae as DHF Vector in Kediri District Against Temephos. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 2020;14(1):2016–2019.
https://www.academia.edu/108881857/Conventional_Detection_of_Resistance_of_Aedes_aegypti_Larvae_as_DHF_Vector_in_Kediri_District_Against_Temephos
11. Norris EJ, Coats JR. Current and Future Repellent Technologies: The Potential of Spatial Repellents and Their Place in Mosquito-Borne Disease Control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph14020124
12. Logan J. An Expert Review of Spatial Repellents for Mosquito Control. Innovative Vector Control Consortium. 2020;(August): 1–72. https://www.ivcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/An-Expert-Review-of-Spatial-Repellents-for-Mosquito-Control.pdf
13. Oktari F, Ahyanti M, Yushananta P. Analysis of the Potential of Clove Leaf Extract (Syzygium aromaticum) as a Mosquito Repellent. Ruwa Jurai: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan. 2022;16(2):66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26630/rj.v16i2.3490
14. Putri AV, Hajimi H, Akhmad Z. Effectiveness of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia) as a Vegetable Pesticide for Control of Mice (Mus musculus). Ruwa Jurai: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan. 2021;15(3):144–148.
https://ejurnal.poltekkes-tjk.ac.id/index.php/JKESLING/article/viewFile/3068/1469
15. Sandra T, Sofro MA, Suhartono S, Martini M, Hadisaputro S. Factors Influencing the Incidence of Dengue Fever in Children Aged 6-12 Years in Tembalang Sub-district Dengue in Children aged 6-12 Years in Tembalang Sub-district. Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas. 2019;9(1):28–35. https://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jekk.v4i1.4423
16. Safe S, Jayaraman A, Chapkin RS, Howard M, Mohankumar K, Shrestha R. Flavonoids: Structure–Function and Mechanisms Of Action and Opportunities for Drug Development. Toxicological Research. 2021;37(2):147–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-020-00080-z
17. Paarvanova B, Tacheva B, Savova G, Karabaliev M, Georgieva R. Hemolysis by Saponin Is Accelerated at Hypertonic Conditions. Molecules. 2023;28(20):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207096
18. Kurniawan VR, Mutiarawati DT, Endarini LH, Sasongkowati R. Efficacy of Different Betel Leaf Extracts As Repellents Against Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Bites. Manuju: Malahayati Nursing Journal. 2022;4(10): 2564–2572. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v4i10.7511
19. Ilham R, Lelo A, Harahap U, Widyawati T, Siahaan L. The Effectivity of Ethanolic Extract From Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) as an Alternative Larvacide to Aedes spp. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2019;7(20):3395–3399. https://doi.org/10.3889%2Foamjms.2019.432
20. Martias I, Simbolon VA. Noni and Papaya Leaf Extracts as Natural Larvicides on Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larvae Mortality. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2020;9(01):12–18. https://doi.org/10.33221/jikm.v9i01.820
21. Pawitri P, Achyani SZ. Effect of Noni Fruit Repellent (Morinda Citrifolia L.) on Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Hispanic Protection Power as a Biology Learning Resource for Senior High School Students. Edubiolock. 2019;1(1):37–49. http://scholar.ummetro.ac.id
22. Halimah H, Margi Suci D, Wijayanti I. Study of the Potential Use of Noni Leaves (Morinda citrifolia L.) as an Antibacterial Agent for Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Jurnal Ilmu Pertania Indonesia. 2019;24(1):58–64.
https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.24.1.58
23. WHO. Guidelines For Efficacy Testing Of Mosquito Repellents For Human Skin. Who/Htm/Ntd/Whopes/2009.4. 2009. 1–6. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HTM-NTD-WHOPES-2009.4
24. Ihwah A, Deoranto P, Wijana S, Dewi IA. Comparative Study Between Federer and Gomez Method For Number of Replication in Complete Randomized Design Using Simulation: Study of Areca Palm (Areca catechu) As Organic Waste for Producing Handicraft Paper. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018;131(1). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/131/1/012049/pdf
25. Overview C. Chapter 2 Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry 2.0. 2009. 1–28.
https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Chapter211.pdf
26. Chowdhury S, Chakraborty P pratim. How To Choose And Interpret A Statistical Test? An Update For Budding Researchers. Journal of Family and Medicine and Primary Care. 2017;6(2):169–170.
http://www.jfmpc.com/article.asp?issn=2249-4863;year=2017;volume=6;issue=1;spage=169;epage=170;aulast=Faizi
27. Colucci B, Müller P. Evaluation of Standard Field and Laboratory Methods To Compare Protection Times of The Topical Repellents PMD And DEET. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):1–11. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30998-2
28. Khomsatun, Wahyudi, Hari Rudijanto I.W. G. Effectiveness of Betel Leaves Extract (Piper betle, Linn) as Mosquito Anopheles spp Repellent. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2019;8(5):5144–5152. https://doi.org/10.31983/jrk.v2i3.386
29. Asgarian TS, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sedaghat MM. Impact of Meteorological Parameters on Mosquito Population Abundance And Distribution In A Former Malaria Endemic Area, Central Iran. Heliyon. 2021;7(12): e08477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08477
30. Reinhold JM, Lazzari CR, Lahondère C. Effects Of The Environmental Temperature on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes: A Review. Insects. 2018;9(4). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316560/pdf/insects-09-00158.pdf
31. Wahyuni D, Sholikatin N. Repellent Effectiveness Test of Kaffir Lime Leaf Extract (Citrus Hystrix D.C) Against Aedes Aegypti Mosquito. Jurnal Pharma Bhakta. 2022;1(2):20–29. https://jurnalpharmabhakta.iik.ac.id/index.php/jpb/article/view/13/10
32. Lestari S, Septiyani BN, Proklamasiningsih E. Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Kitolod (Hippobroma longiflora L.) at Different Altitude Sri. LenteraBio: Berkala Ilmiah Biology. 2024;13(2):212–218. https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/lenterabio/article/view/23498/10940
33. Armayanti, Ashari R. Efficiency of Nori Leaf Extract Used As A Spray In The Control of Aedes Aegypti Mosquito. Jurnal Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat. 2019;19(2):157–161.
https://journal.poltekkes-mks.ac.id/ojs2/index.php/Sulolipu/article/view/1349/881
34. Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, et al. Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules. 2020;25:1–39. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225243
35. Luqman BA, Yuliani D, Biologi J, Matematika F, Pengetahuan I, Universitas A, et al. The Effectiveness Extract of Noni Leaf (Morinda citrifolia L.) and Bintaro Leaf (Cerbera odollam) Against Mortality o. LenteraBio: Berkala Ilmiah Biology. 2023;12(2):179–185. https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/lenterabio/index
36. Wheelwright M, Whittle CR, Riabinina O. Olfactory Systems Across Mosquito Species. Cell and Tissue Research. 2021;383(1):75–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03407-2
37. Safitri IA, Cahyati WH. Effectiveness Of Zodia Leaves (Evodia Suaveolens) As Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Repellent. Care Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan. 2018;6(1):1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229027773.pdf
38. Sudiarti M, Ahyanti M, Yushananta P, Tanjungkarang PK. Effectiveness Of Zodia Leaves (Evodia Suaveolens) As Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Repellent. Ruwa Jurai: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan. 2021;15(1):8–15. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229027773.pdf
39. Pandu ZA, Arif W, Teguh W. Effectiveness of Various Concentrations of Clover Leaf Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum, L.) As A Repellent Against the Rest of the Aedes Aegypti Mosquito. Buletin Keslingmas: Buletin Kesehatan Lingkungan Masyarakat. 2019;38(3):55–62. https://ejournal.poltekkes-smg.ac.id/ojs/index.php/keslingmas/article/view/5399/1413
40. Sari LR, Hestiningsih R. Repellent Efficacy of Kecombrang (Nicolaia Speciosa Horan) Extract Against Aedes Aegypti Linn Mosquitoes. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2016;3(3):754–763. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm/article/view/12738
41. Nisa M, Irmayani I, Sarty SD. Development of Spray Gel Formulation for Ethanol Extract of Komba Komba Leaves (Eupatorim Odoratum) as Repellent Candidate. JSFK (Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis). 2022;20;5(1):41–45.
https://openjournal.stifera.ac.id/index.php/jfsi/article/view/93
Authors
Nurmayanti, D., Fithriyah, L., Ngadino, N., Sulistio, I., Wardoyo, S., Marlik, M., & Setiawan, M. . (2024). Potential of Noni Leaf Extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) As Aedes aegypti Mosquito Repellent. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 20(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v20i1.27652
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