COVID-19 Cases and Factors Associated with 11 Indonesian Provinces, 2021
Abstract
In collaboration with other stakeholders, National Task Force of COVID-19 Control conducted massive detection of the cases, followed by contact tracing. The study aimed to overview COVID-19 cases from 58 districts of 11 provinces in Indonesia and its associated factors. A cross-sectional study design used secondary data from The National Task Force of COVID-19 Control. COVID-19 cases and other variables were collected in 58 districts in 11 provinces of Indonesia year 2021. The study incorporated descriptive, correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis with the district as an analysis unit. The median of COVID-19 cases was 804 per district, traced cases were 70.6% of cases, cases had contact was 2.6% of cases, close contact was 2,188, the ratio of close contact: cases were 2.75, isolation drop out was 8, quarantine drop out was 9, test for close contact was 962, COVID-19 vaccine dose 1 was 147, dose 2 was 205, and no vaccine was 354. Factors significantly correlated with COVID-19 cases were cases traced, cases have epicontact, close contact, and ratio close contact. In multivariate analysis, the percentage of traced cases, cases had epicontact, isolation drop out, COVID-19 vaccine dose-1, and no COVID-19 vaccine associated with COVID-19 cases. Identifying factors related to the incidence of COVID-19 can be used to increase efforts to prevent and control COVID-19 cases in the community as a response to alertness to the emergence of new cases due to new variation mutations.
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2. Presiden RI. Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2020 Tentang Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 2019 (COVID-19). 2020. Jakarta
3. Kemenkes RI. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor HK.01.07/MenKes/413/2020 Tentang Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Vol. 2019, MenKes/413/2020; 2020.
4. WHO. Critical Preparedness, Readiness, and Response Actions for COVID-19. Geneva: WHO; 2020
5. WHO. Overview of Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of Covid-19. Geneva: WHO; 2020
6. Juneau CE, Briand AS, Pueyo T, Collazzo P, Potvin L. Effective Contact Tracing for COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Global Epidemiology. 2023:(5). https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloepi.2023.100103
7. Fisher KA, Tenforde MW, Feldstein LR, Lindsell CJ, Shapiro NI, Clark ; D, et al. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Community and Close Contact Exposures Associated with COVID-19 Among Symptomatic Adults ≥18 Years in 11 Outpatient Health Care Facilities-United States, July 2020. MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;(36):1258–1264. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6936a5
8. Murugesan M, Venkatesan P, Ramasamy J, Samuel P, Karthik R, Rose W, et al. Transmission Dynamics of Covid-19 and Utility of Contact Tracing in Risk Assessment of Health-Care Worker Exposure During COVID-19 Pandemic. Indian Journal Community Medicine. 2022;47(1):82. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fijcm.ijcm_1097_21
9. Resmawan R, Nuha AR, Yahya L. Analisis Dinamik Model Transmisi COVID-19 dengan Melibatkan Intervensi Karantina. Jambura Journal of Mathematics. 2021;3(1):66–79. https://doi.org/10.34312/jjom.v3i1.8699
10. Vasileiou E, Simpson CR, Shi T, Kerr S, Agrawal U, Akbari A, et al. Interim Findings from First-Dose Mass COVID-19 Vaccination Roll-Out and COVID-19 Hospital Admissions in Scotland: A National Prospective Cohort Study. Lancet. 2021;397(10285):1646–1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00677-2
11. Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, et al. Impact and Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections and COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalisations, and Deaths Following A Nationwide Vaccination Campaign in Israel: An Observational Study Using National Surveillance Data. Lancet. 2021;397(10287):1819–1829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00947-8
12. Thompson MG, Stenehjem E, Grannis S, Ball SW, Naleway AL, Ong TC, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines in Ambulatory and Inpatient Care Settings. The New England Journal of Medicine. 202;385(15):1355–1371. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2110362
13. McNamara LA, Wiegand RE, Burke RM, Sharma AJ, Sheppard M, Adjemian J, et al. Estimating the Early Impact of the US COVID-19 Vaccination Programme on COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Deaths Among Adults Aged 65 Years and Older: An Ecological Analysis of National Surveillance Data. Lancet. 2022;399(10320):152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02226-1
14. Ioannou GN, Locke ER, O’Hare AM, Bohnert ASB, Boyko EJ, Hynes DM, et al. COVID-19 Vaccination Effectiveness Against Infection or Death in a National U.S. Health Care System : A Target Trial Emulation Study. Annals of Intern Medicine. 2022;175(3): 352–361. https://doi.org/10.7326/m21-3256
15. Tenforde MW, Self WH, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, Douin DJ, Talbot HK, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19-Associated Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Death - United States, March 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. 2022;71(12):459–465. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7112e1
16. Subramanian S V, Kumar A. Increases in COVID-19 are Unrelated to Levels of Vaccination Across 68 Countries and 2947 Counties in the United States. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2021;36(12): 1237–1240. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10654-021-00808-7
17. Hastono SP. Analisis Data. Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia; 2006.
18. Kleinbaum DG et al. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. California: Duxbury Press; 1998.
19. Katharina R. Relasi Pemerintah Pusat- Pemerintah Daerah dalam Penanganan COVID-19. Info Singkat. 2020;8(5):25–30.
20. Peraturan Pemerintah RI. Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1984 tentang Wabah Penyakit Menular. 1984. Jakarta.
21. Fan S, Wu M, Ma S, Zhao S. A Preventive and Control Strategy for COVID-19 Infection: An Experience From a Third-Tier Chinese City. Frontiers Public Health. 2020;8(October):1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.562024
22. Tang B, Xia F, Tang S, Bragazzi NL, Li Q, Sun X, et al. The Effectiveness of Quarantine and Isolation Determine the Trend of the COVID-19 Epidemics in the Final Phase of the Current Outbreak in China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;96:636–647. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2020.05.113
23. Mahase E. Covid-19: Is It Safe To Reduce The Self-Isolation Period?. BMJ. 2021;37:3164. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n3164
24. Wahidin M, Pane M, Angkasawati TJ. Prevention Measures of COVID-19 in Prisons in Indonesia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2022;34(5):573–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395221088654
25. WHO. Operational Guide for Engaging Communities in Contact Tracing. Geneva: WHO; 2021.
26. WHO/ECDC. Indicator Framework to Evaluate the Public Health Effectiveness of Digital Proximity Tracing Solutions. Geneva: WHO; 2021.
27. Mercer TR, Salit M. Testing at scale during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Review Genetics. 2021;22(7):415–426.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00360-w
28. Luo L, Liu D, Liao X long, Wu X bo, Jing Q long, Zheng J zhen, et al. Modes of Contact and Risk of Transmission in COVID-19 among Close Contacts. Digital Economies at Global Margins. Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; 2020. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-2671
29. Saurabh K, Ranjan S. Compliance and Psychological Impact of Quarantine in Children and Adolescents due to Covid-19 Pandemic. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2020;87(7):532–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03347-3
30. Winugroho T, Imansyah M, Bangun E, Apriyadi RK, Hidayat A. Analisis Pengaruh Faktor Demografi terhadap Lama Karantina pada Perawat Terpapar Covid-19 di Jawa Tengah. PENDIPA Journal of Science Education. 2021;5(2):229–236.
https://doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.5.2.229-236
31. Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. Quarantine Alone or in Combination with other Public Health Measures to Control COVID-19: A Rapid Review. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;9(9):CD013574. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013574
32. Xu S, Huang R, Sy LS, Glenn SC, Ryan DS, Morrissette K, et al. COVID-19 Vaccination and Non-COVID-19 Mortality Risk - Seven Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020-July 31, 2021. MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. 2021;70(43):1520–1524. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7043e2
33. Minister of Health. Minister of Health Regulation No. 18 of 2021: Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 10 of 2021 Concerning the Implementation of Vaccination in the Context of Combating the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic. Indonesia; 2021.
34. Patty NJS, Van Dijk HM, Wallenburg I, Bal R, Helmerhorst TJM, Van Exel J, et al. To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate? Perspectives on HPV Vaccination Among Girls, Boys, and Parents in the Netherlands: A Q-methodological study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12889-017-4879-2
35. Effendi D, Laksono A, Pranata S, Nantabah Z. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Belief in COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2022;15(7):308–313. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.351769
36. Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Wang Q, Liu JA. Factors Associated With the Vaccination Behavior Among COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitant College Students in Wuhan, China: A Survey Based on Social Psychological Dimension. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;10:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2022.865571
37. Yanto TA, Octavius GS, Heriyanto RS, Ienawi C, Nisa H, Pasai HE. Psychological Factors Affecting COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Indonesia. Egypt Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 2021;57 (1):177. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-021-00436-8
38. Ophinni Y, Hasibuan AS, Widhani A, Maria S, Koesnoe S, Yunihastuti E, et al. COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Status and Implication for Use in Indonesia. Acta Med Indones. 2020;52(4):388–412. https://www.actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/1648
Authors
Wahidin, M., Ridwan, W., Lasut, D., Kurniawan, A., & Wardhani, Y. F. (2024). COVID-19 Cases and Factors Associated with 11 Indonesian Provinces, 2021 . Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 20(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v20i1.26480
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