Unlocking the Hidden Impact: How Mental Workload Shapes Safety-Insights from NOSACQ-50 and NASA-TLX Method
Abstract
The decrease in capability is caused by work fatigue and the level of error in work will increase. The increase in errors in work will cause the opportunity for work accidents in the industry which is the cause and effect of a work accident. This study aimed to determine solutions to eliminate mental workload from a safety climate based on NOSACQ-50 using the NASA-TLX method at PT. X part of The Batam City field in 2021. This quantitative study uses an analytical design with a cross-sectional approach between NOSACQ-50 to determine safety climate and NASA-TLX Method to determine mental workload based on the safety climate. The objects of this research are all workers of PT. X in 2021, with a sample size of 30 respondents. Statistical analysis used chi-square test. The results of this study show that Mental Workload in PT.X mostly was in moderate Level (73,3%) with the highest workload score was in the physical needs. NASA-TLX shows that Empowerment of Work Safety from Management was the significant factor causing mental stress. It was concluded that mental stress is caused by poor work arrangements. Suggestions for companies is to rotate work in each group of workers, especially riggers so that the workload is evenly distributed, and top management participates and is committed to carrying out OHS programs by directly demonstrating the programs that have been set.
References
1. Varianou-Mikellidou C, Boustras G, Dimopoulos C, Wybo JL, Guldenmund FW, Nicolaidou O, et al. Occupational Health and Safety Management in the Context of an Ageing Workforce. Safety Science. 2019;116:231–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.009
2. He C, McCabe B, Jia G, Sun J. Effects of Safety Climate and Safety Behavior on Safety Outcomes Between Supervisors and Construction Workers. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2019;146(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.00017
3. Loh MY, Idris MA, Dollard MF, Isahak M. Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Moderator of the Moderators: Contextualizing JDR Models and Emotional Demands Effects. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2018;91(3):620–644.
https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12211
4. Hamre KV, Einarsen SV, Notelaers G. Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Moderator in Role Stressor-Bullying Relationships: A Multilevel Approach. Safety Science. 2023;164(106165):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106165
5. Manapragada A, Bruk‐Lee V, Thompson AH, Heron LM. When Safety Climate is Not Enough: Examining the Moderating Effects of Psychosocial Hazards on Nurse Safety Performance. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2019;75(6):1207–1218. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13911
6. Schüler M, Matuszczyk JV. A Multi-Domain Instrument for Safety Climate: Military Safety Climate Questionnaire (MSCQ) and NOSACQ-50. Safety Science. 2022;154(105851):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105851
7. NFA. Safety Climate Questionnaire - NOSACQ-50. 2021.
8. Azrina A. Evaluasi Iklim Keselamatan Kerja dengan Menggunakan Metode NOSACQ-50 Di PT. Permata Hijau Palm Oleo (PHPO) KIM II MABAR. [Skripsi]. Medan: Program Studi Teknik Industri Fakultas Teknik Universitas Medan Area; 2019.
9. Arasyandi M, Bakhtiar A. Analisa Beban Kerja Mental Dengan Metode Nasa Tlx pada Operator Kargo di PT. Dharma Bandar Mandala (PT. DBM). Industrial Engineering Online Journal. 2016;5(4):1–6. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/ieoj/article/view/14100
10. Meng Q, Liu W, Li Z, Hu X. Influencing Factors, Mechanism and Prevention of Construction Workers’ Unsafe Behaviors: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(5):1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052644
11. Setiono BA, Andjarwati T. Budaya Keselamatan, Kepemimpinan Keselamatan, Pelatihan Keselamatan, Iklim Keselamatan dan Kinerja. Sidoarjo: Zifatama Jawara; 2019.
12. Dawson D, Chapman J, Thomas MJW. Fatigue-Proofing: A New Approach to Reducing Fatigue-Related Risk Using the Principles of Error Management. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2012;16(2):167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.05.004
13. Probst TM, Barbaranelli C, Petitta L. The Relationship Between Job Insecurity and Accident Under-Reporting: A Test in Two Countries. Work & Stress. 2013;27(4):383–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.850756
14. Grier RA. How High is High? A Meta-Analysis of NASA-TLX Global Workload Scores. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 2015;59(1):1727–1731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591373
15. Said S, Gozdzik M, Roche TR, Braun J, Rössler J, Kaserer A, et al. Validation of the Raw National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) Questionnaire to Assess Perceived Workload in Patient Monitoring Tasks: Pooled Analysis Study Using Mixed Models. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(9):e19472. 10.2196/19472
16. Galy E, Paxion J, Berthelon C. Measuring Mental Workload with the NASA-TLX Needs to Examine Each Dimension Rather Than Relying on the Global Score: An Example with Driving. Ergonomics. 2018;61(4):517–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2017.1369583
17. Kines P, Lappalainen J, Mikkelsen KL, Olsen E, Pousette A, Tharaldsen J, et al. Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire (NOSACQ-50): A New Tool for Diagnosing Occupational Safety Climate. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2011;41(6):634–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.08.004
18. Rafidah RA, Nordin SMD, Salleh R. Impact of Safety Communication on Safety Commitment with Leader-Member Exchange Quality as A Moderating Factor: A Conceptual Framework. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal. 2014;6(4):277-282. http://www.gbmrjournal.com/pdf/vol.%206%20no.%204/v6n4-3.pdf
19. Törner M, Pousette A, Kines P, Mikkelsen KL, Lappalainen J, Tharaldsen J, et al. A Nordic Questionnaire for Assessing Safety Climate (NOSACQ). Greece: Working on Safety Conference. 2008;1–4. file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/NOSACQ-50-WOS2008-paper.pdf
20. Nurmianto E. Ergonomi Konsep Dasar dan Aplikasinya. Jakarta: Guna Widya; 2003.
21. Budiono. Bunga Rampai Higiene Perusahaan (Hiperkes) dan Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja. Semarang: BP Universitas Diponegoro; 2008.
22. Adu, M. A. KAT. Work Pressure and Safety Behaviors among Health Workers in Ghana: The Moderating Role of Management Commitment to Safety. Safety and Health at Work. 2016;7(4):340-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.05.001
23. Nopiyanti E, Muttaqin A. Hubungan Iklim Keselamatan dengan Budaya K3 di Proyek Citra Tower Kemayoran. Jurnal Bidang Ilmu Kesehatan. 2020;10(1):1693–6868. https://doi.org/10.52643/jbik.v10i1.822
24. Kurnia MB. Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Rendahnya Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3) pada Perusahaan Bidang Pekerjaan Konstruksi. Jurnal Student Teknik Sipil. 2020;2(2):141–146. https://doi.org/10.37150/jsts.v2i2.795
25. Zohar D. Thirty Years of Safety Climate Research: Reflections and Future Directions. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2010;42(5):1517–1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.019
26. Putri E, Lestari M, Novrikasari N, Andarini D, Camelia A, Fujianti P, et al. Bowtie Method: Study of Occupational Health and Safety Risks in Cement Production Process. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2021;17(4):124–133. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/17948
27. Lubis L, Kusumawiyanti T, Nasution GTD, Dwirahmadi F. Sleep Quality Profile of Mining Workers Based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2022;18(4):140–146. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/20154
28. Saleh LM. Tingkat Risiko Psikologis Karyawan ATC di Salah Satu Cabang Air NAV Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2018;14(4):345–350. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/5206
29. Nopriadi N, Pratiwi Y, Leonita E, Tresnanengsih E. Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Computer Vision Syndrome pada Karyawan Bank. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2019;15(2):111–119. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/5753
30. Boli EB, Baliwati YF, Sukandar D. Komitmen Politik dan Peluang Pengembangan Kebijakan Gizi Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2018;14(4):351–359. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/5104
2. He C, McCabe B, Jia G, Sun J. Effects of Safety Climate and Safety Behavior on Safety Outcomes Between Supervisors and Construction Workers. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2019;146(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.00017
3. Loh MY, Idris MA, Dollard MF, Isahak M. Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Moderator of the Moderators: Contextualizing JDR Models and Emotional Demands Effects. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2018;91(3):620–644.
https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12211
4. Hamre KV, Einarsen SV, Notelaers G. Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Moderator in Role Stressor-Bullying Relationships: A Multilevel Approach. Safety Science. 2023;164(106165):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106165
5. Manapragada A, Bruk‐Lee V, Thompson AH, Heron LM. When Safety Climate is Not Enough: Examining the Moderating Effects of Psychosocial Hazards on Nurse Safety Performance. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2019;75(6):1207–1218. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13911
6. Schüler M, Matuszczyk JV. A Multi-Domain Instrument for Safety Climate: Military Safety Climate Questionnaire (MSCQ) and NOSACQ-50. Safety Science. 2022;154(105851):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105851
7. NFA. Safety Climate Questionnaire - NOSACQ-50. 2021.
8. Azrina A. Evaluasi Iklim Keselamatan Kerja dengan Menggunakan Metode NOSACQ-50 Di PT. Permata Hijau Palm Oleo (PHPO) KIM II MABAR. [Skripsi]. Medan: Program Studi Teknik Industri Fakultas Teknik Universitas Medan Area; 2019.
9. Arasyandi M, Bakhtiar A. Analisa Beban Kerja Mental Dengan Metode Nasa Tlx pada Operator Kargo di PT. Dharma Bandar Mandala (PT. DBM). Industrial Engineering Online Journal. 2016;5(4):1–6. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/ieoj/article/view/14100
10. Meng Q, Liu W, Li Z, Hu X. Influencing Factors, Mechanism and Prevention of Construction Workers’ Unsafe Behaviors: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(5):1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052644
11. Setiono BA, Andjarwati T. Budaya Keselamatan, Kepemimpinan Keselamatan, Pelatihan Keselamatan, Iklim Keselamatan dan Kinerja. Sidoarjo: Zifatama Jawara; 2019.
12. Dawson D, Chapman J, Thomas MJW. Fatigue-Proofing: A New Approach to Reducing Fatigue-Related Risk Using the Principles of Error Management. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2012;16(2):167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.05.004
13. Probst TM, Barbaranelli C, Petitta L. The Relationship Between Job Insecurity and Accident Under-Reporting: A Test in Two Countries. Work & Stress. 2013;27(4):383–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.850756
14. Grier RA. How High is High? A Meta-Analysis of NASA-TLX Global Workload Scores. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 2015;59(1):1727–1731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591373
15. Said S, Gozdzik M, Roche TR, Braun J, Rössler J, Kaserer A, et al. Validation of the Raw National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) Questionnaire to Assess Perceived Workload in Patient Monitoring Tasks: Pooled Analysis Study Using Mixed Models. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(9):e19472. 10.2196/19472
16. Galy E, Paxion J, Berthelon C. Measuring Mental Workload with the NASA-TLX Needs to Examine Each Dimension Rather Than Relying on the Global Score: An Example with Driving. Ergonomics. 2018;61(4):517–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2017.1369583
17. Kines P, Lappalainen J, Mikkelsen KL, Olsen E, Pousette A, Tharaldsen J, et al. Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire (NOSACQ-50): A New Tool for Diagnosing Occupational Safety Climate. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2011;41(6):634–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.08.004
18. Rafidah RA, Nordin SMD, Salleh R. Impact of Safety Communication on Safety Commitment with Leader-Member Exchange Quality as A Moderating Factor: A Conceptual Framework. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal. 2014;6(4):277-282. http://www.gbmrjournal.com/pdf/vol.%206%20no.%204/v6n4-3.pdf
19. Törner M, Pousette A, Kines P, Mikkelsen KL, Lappalainen J, Tharaldsen J, et al. A Nordic Questionnaire for Assessing Safety Climate (NOSACQ). Greece: Working on Safety Conference. 2008;1–4. file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/NOSACQ-50-WOS2008-paper.pdf
20. Nurmianto E. Ergonomi Konsep Dasar dan Aplikasinya. Jakarta: Guna Widya; 2003.
21. Budiono. Bunga Rampai Higiene Perusahaan (Hiperkes) dan Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja. Semarang: BP Universitas Diponegoro; 2008.
22. Adu, M. A. KAT. Work Pressure and Safety Behaviors among Health Workers in Ghana: The Moderating Role of Management Commitment to Safety. Safety and Health at Work. 2016;7(4):340-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.05.001
23. Nopiyanti E, Muttaqin A. Hubungan Iklim Keselamatan dengan Budaya K3 di Proyek Citra Tower Kemayoran. Jurnal Bidang Ilmu Kesehatan. 2020;10(1):1693–6868. https://doi.org/10.52643/jbik.v10i1.822
24. Kurnia MB. Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Rendahnya Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3) pada Perusahaan Bidang Pekerjaan Konstruksi. Jurnal Student Teknik Sipil. 2020;2(2):141–146. https://doi.org/10.37150/jsts.v2i2.795
25. Zohar D. Thirty Years of Safety Climate Research: Reflections and Future Directions. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2010;42(5):1517–1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.019
26. Putri E, Lestari M, Novrikasari N, Andarini D, Camelia A, Fujianti P, et al. Bowtie Method: Study of Occupational Health and Safety Risks in Cement Production Process. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2021;17(4):124–133. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/17948
27. Lubis L, Kusumawiyanti T, Nasution GTD, Dwirahmadi F. Sleep Quality Profile of Mining Workers Based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2022;18(4):140–146. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/20154
28. Saleh LM. Tingkat Risiko Psikologis Karyawan ATC di Salah Satu Cabang Air NAV Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2018;14(4):345–350. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/5206
29. Nopriadi N, Pratiwi Y, Leonita E, Tresnanengsih E. Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Computer Vision Syndrome pada Karyawan Bank. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2019;15(2):111–119. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/5753
30. Boli EB, Baliwati YF, Sukandar D. Komitmen Politik dan Peluang Pengembangan Kebijakan Gizi Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2018;14(4):351–359. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/5104
Authors
Saputra, R., Gemala, M., Nuraliza, N., Ulfah, N. ., & Hakim, R. . (2023). Unlocking the Hidden Impact: How Mental Workload Shapes Safety-Insights from NOSACQ-50 and NASA-TLX Method. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 19(3), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v19i3.24954
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.