Sarcopenia: The Prevalence and Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Elderly
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and function due to aging. This study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia among the elderly in the Pekanbaru. 275 samples were selected using cluster sampling technique. The independent variables were socio-demographic characteristics, metabolic syndrome, independence level, physical activity, quality of life, depression, and nutritional status. Meanwhile, the dependent variable was sarcopenia. Data analysis was carried out through SPSS using statistical tests including descriptive statistics, chi-square, and multivariate logistic regression. The results show that 45.5% of the participants experienced sarcopenia. The mean age of participants was 63.3 years old; most were female; 90.2% were married; and 39.3% had moderate quality of life. The education level was mostly high school; 69.1% were not working; 72% did not experience metabolic syndrome; and 78.5% had normal nutritional status. Gender, education, metabolic syndrome, independence level, physical activity, quality of life, nutrition, marital, depression, and occupational status are associated with sarcopenia. The most significant variables for sarcopenia in the elderly were nutritional status (p=0.031) and physical activity (p= 0.016). Nutritional status and physical activity were predictors of sarcopenia. Posyandu, or integrated service post, for the elderly in the public health center, needs to be optimized which requires continuous collaboration among the doctors, nurses, nutritionists, social workers, physiotherapists, psychologists, families, religious institutions, and community shops. Furthermore, a treatment program needs to be developed, both in the community and in the health services area.
References
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2. Setiorini A. Sarcopenia dan Risiko Jatuh pada Pasien Geriatri. Muhammadiyah Journal of Geriatric. 2021;2(1):10. https://doi.org/10.24853/mujg.2.1.10-16
3. Sazlina SG, Lee PY, Chan YM, Hamid MSA, Tan NC. The Prevalence and Factors Associated with Sarcopenia among Community Living Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care Clinics in Malaysia. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):2–4. https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0233299
4. Santos JL dos, Trennepohl C, Rosa CB, Garces SBB, Myskiw J de C, Costa DH. Impact of Sarcopenia, Sedentarism and Risk of Falls in Older People’s Health Self-Perception. Fisioterapia em Movimento. 2019;32:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.032.AO17
5. Pratiwi YS, Lesmana R, Setiawan S, Purba A. Tinjauan Pustaka: Autophagy dan Sarkopenia. Syifa’ MEDIKA: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. 2019;10(1):31. https://doi.org/10.32502/sm.v10i1.1781
6. Kitamura A, Seino S, Abe T, Nofuji Y, Yokoyama Y, Amano H, et al. Sarcopenia: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and the Risk of Mortality and Disability in Japanese Older Adults. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12(1):30–38.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12651
7. Diar Meitha Wardhana, Novira Widajanti JI. Association of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment’s Component and Sarcopenia in Elderly. Jurnal Penyakit dalam Indonesia. 2019;6(4):188–295. https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v6i4.370
8. Yuan S, Larsson SC. Epidemiology of Sarcopenia: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences. Metabolism. 2023; 3:155533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533
9. De P, Tonial C, Colussi L, Sant’ AL, Alves A, Stürmer J, et al. Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Elderly Users of the Primary Health Care System. Nutricon Hospitalaria. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.02790
10. Widajanti N, Ichwani J, Dharmanta RS, Firdausi H, Haryono Y, Yulianti E, et al. Sarcopenia and Frailty Profile in the Elderly Community of Surabaya: A Descriptive Study. Acta Medica Indonesia. 2020;52(1):5–13. https://www.actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/1206/pdf
11. Ridwan ES, Wiratama BS, Lin MY, Hou WH, Liu MF, Chen CM, et al. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate and Sarcopenia Risk in Older Indonesian People: A Nationwide Survey. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024617
12. Ratmawati, Fatimah-Muis S, Sofro MAU, Margawati A, Kartasurya MI. Characteristics, Nutritional Status, and Sarcopenia in the Elderly in Pangkalpinang City. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Health, Social Sciences and Technology. 2021;521:216–223. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210415.046
13. Yeung SSY, Reijnierse EM, Pham VK, Trappenburg MC, Lim WK, Meskers CGM, et al. Sarcopenia and its Association with Falls and Fractures in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(3):485–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12411
14. Kitamura A, Seino S, Abe T, Nofuji Y, Yokoyama Y, Amano H, et al. Sarcopenia: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and the Risk of Mortality and Disability in Japanese Older Adults. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021 Feb 1;12(1):30–38.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12651
15. Mesinovic J, McMillan L, Shore-Lorenti C, De Courten B, Ebeling P, Scott D. Metabolic Syndrome and its Associations with Components of Sarcopenia in Overweight and Obese Older Adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019;8(2):145.
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm8020145
16. Xu J, Wan CS, Ktoris K, Reijnierse EM, Maier AB. Sarcopenia is Associated with Mortality in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gerontology. 2021;1–16. https://doi.org/10.1159/000517099
17. BPS Kota Pekanbaru. Data Statistik Sektoral Kota Pekanbaru. Riau: Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Pekanbaru; 2020.
https://pekanbarukota.bps.go.id/
18. Ryan TP. Sample Size Determination and Power. Canada: Jhon Wiley & Sons; 2013. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118439241
19. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. 2020;21(3):300-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012
20. Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Wu C, Qin F, Yuan J. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Middle-Aged and Elderly Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study. Aging Male. 2021;24(1):148–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2021.1998432
21. Rehman S, Hashmi MF, Nelson VL, Saad Rehman A. Blood Pressure Measurement. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29489154/
22. World Health Organization (WHO). Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio of A WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva. 2011. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241501491
23. Isautier Ennifer MJ, Bosnić M, Yeung SSY, Trappenburg MC, Meskers CGM, Whittaker AC, et al. Validity of Nutritional Screening Tools for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMDA: The Journal of Post Acute and Long Term Medicine. 2019;20(10):13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.06.024
24. Woldekidan MA, Haile D, Shikur B, Gebreyesus SH. Validity of Mini Nutritional Assessment Tool Among an Elderly Population in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2021;34(3):103–109.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2020.1741903
25. Chauhan S, Kumar S, Bharti R, Patel R. Prevalence and Determinants of Activity of Daily Living and Instrumental Activity of Daily Living among Elderly in India. BMC Geriatrics. 2022;22(1). https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-021-02659-z
26. Nursiswati N, Halfens RJG, Lohrmann C. Psychometric Properties of the Care Dependency Scale in Stroke Survivors in Indonesian Hospitals. International Journal of Nursing Science. 2020;7(3):330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.06.011
27. Wijaya, N. K., Ulfiana, E., & Wahyuni, S. D. The Correlation between Individual Characteristics, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle with The Level of Physical Vitality among Elderly. Indonesian Journal of Community Health Nursing. 2019; 4(2): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijchn.v4i2.12365
28. Liu CC, Lin YT, Cheng KC, Pan HH, Chiou CP. Predictors of Depression Level among Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159414
29. Crocker TF, Brown L, Clegg A, Farley K, Franklin M, Simpkins S, et al. Quality of Life is Substantially Worse For Community-Dwelling Older People Living With Frailty: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Quality of Life Research. 2019;28(8):2041–2056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02149-1
30. Lim SC, Chan YM, Gan WY. Social and Health Determinants of Quality of Life of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(5).
https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph20053977
31. Harimurti K, Setiati S, Heriawan Soejono C, Suka Aryana I, Sunarti S, Budiningsih F, et al. Sarcopenia in a Multiethnic State: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis of Multicentre Indonesia Longitudinal Aging Study. Acta Medica Indonesiana. 2023;55(1):61-69. https://www.actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/2311/pdf
32. Lim JY, Low NA, Merchant RA. Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Pre-Frail Community Dwelling Older Adult and Utility of SARC-F, SARC-Calf and Calf Circumference in Case Finding. Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls. 2020;05(03):53–56. https://www.jfsf.eu/Article.php?AID=v05i03_053
33. Therakomen V, Petchlorlian A, Lakananurak N. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Primary Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Outpatient Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):88–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75250-y
34. Milewska M, Przekop Z, Szostak-Węgierek D, Chrzanowska M, Raciborski F, Traczyk I, et al. Prevalence of Risk of Sarcopenia in Polish Elderly Population-A Population Study. Nutrients. 2022;14(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173466
35. Swan L, Warters A, O’Sullivan M. Socioeconomic Inequality and Risk of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2021;16:1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCIA.S310774
36. Brennan-Olsen SL, Vogrin S, Balogun S, Wu F, Scott D, Jones G, et al. Education, Occupation and Operational Measures of Sarcopenia: Six Years of Australian Data. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 2020;39(4):498–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12816
37. Nishikawa H, Asai A, Fukunishi S, Nishiguchi S, Higuchi K. Metabolic Syndrome and Sarcopenia. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103519
38. Li L, He Y, Jin N, Li H, Liu X. Effects of Protein Supplementation and Exercise on Delaying Sarcopenia in Healthy Older Individuals in Asian and Non-Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Food Chemistry: X. 2022; 13:100210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100210
39. Yuan S, Larsson SC. Epidemiology of Sarcopenia: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Consequences. Metabolism. 2023(7); 144:155533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533
40. Li Z, Tong X, Ma Y, Bao T, Yue J. Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Sarcopenia and Correlation between the Two Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2022;13:128–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12908
41. Kitamura M, Izawa KP, Ishihara K, Matsuda H, Okamura S, Fujioka K. Physical Activity and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Long-Term Care Insurance. European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education. 2021;11(4):1610–1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040114
42. Ribeiro Santos V, Dias Correa B, De Souza Pereira CG, Alberto Gobbo L. Physical Activity Decreases the Risk of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults with the Incidence of Clinical Factors: 24-Month Prospective Study. Experimental Aging Research. 2020;46(2):166–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073x.2020.1716156
43. Wearing J, Konings P, De Bie RA, Stokes M, De Bruin ED. Prevalence of Probable Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Swiss People- A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1). https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-020-01718-1
44. Nursilmi, N., Kusharto, C. M., & Dwiriani, C. M. Hubungan Status Gizi dan Kesehatan dengan Kualitas Hidup Lansia di Dua Lokasi Berbeda. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 207;13(4): 369-379. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v13i4.3159
Authors
Sumandar, S., Ekaputri, M. ., & Ramadia, A. . (2023). Sarcopenia: The Prevalence and Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Elderly. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 19(2), 50-60. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v19i2.24455
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