The Utilization of Lactation Rooms by Health Workers in Medan City
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding for infants with working mothers still becomes a significant problem. The provision of on-site lactation rooms has not substantially impacted the utilization of lactation rooms. This study analyzes the factors that influence the utilization of breastfeeding rooms by health workers in all public health centers in Medan City. This study is a quantitative study using a cross-sectional design. The study involved 78 health workers who breastfed children under two years old. The determination of the sample used the total sampling technique. The results show knowledge (0.000), attitudes (0.002), practice (0.008), support from health workers (0.000), the availability of lactation rooms (0.000), and formula feeding (0.000) affect the utilization of breastfeeding rooms. The regression test results show that knowledge is the most influential factor in the utilization of the lactation room. Respondents with good knowledge have 9.477 times more opportunities to use the lactation room than respondents with poor knowledge. It can be concluded that the use of lactation rooms is influenced by factors such as knowledge, attitudes, practice, support from health workers, availability of lactation rooms, and formula feeding. It is recommended for local governments to provide adequate and comfortable facilities at each institution's offices to increase the utilization of breastfeeding rooms. The provision of a comfortable lactation room has implications for the mother's willingness to use the lactation room. However, it becomes difficult to realize without the support of colleagues.
References
1. Awoke S, Mulatu B. Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice Among Mothers in Sheka Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Public Health in Practice [Internet]. 2021;2:100–108. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666535221000331.
2. Olufunlayo TF, Roberts AA, MacArthur C, Thomas N, Odeyemi KA, Price M, et al. Improving Exclusive Breastfeeding in Low And Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 20195(3):12788.
3. Rollins NC, Bhandari N, Hajeebhoy N, Horton S, Lutter CK, Martines JC, et al. Why Invest, and What It Will Take to Improve Breastfeeding Practices?. The Lancet [Internet]. 2016;387(10017):491–504. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01044-2.
4. World Health Organization. World Breastfeeding Week: UNICEF and WHO Call on Government and Stakeholders to Support All Breastfeeding Mothers in Indonesia During COVID-19 Pandemic [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 Available from:https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/detail/03-08-2020-pekan-menyusui-dunia-unicef-dan-who-menyerukan-pemerintah-dan-pemangku-kepentingan-agar-mendukung-semua-ibu-menyusui-di-indonesia-selama-covid-19.
5. Kemenkes RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2018.
6. Febrianingtyas Y, Februhartanty J, Hadihardjono DN. Workplace Support and Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice: A Qualitative Study in Jakarta, Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition. 2019;25(1):129–142.
7. Thomas CL, Murphy LD, Mills MJ, Zhang J, Fisher GG, Clancy RL. Employee Lactation: A Review and Recommendations For Research, Practice, and Policy. Human Resource Management Review. [Internet]. 2021;100848. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053482221000279.
8. Mcfadden A, Siebelt L, Marshall J, Gavine A, Girard L-C, Symon A, et al. Counselling Interventions to Enable Women to Initiate and Continue Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2019;14(42):1-19.
9. Dai W, Deng X, Li L, Qiu J, Mao B, Shao Y, et al. An Observational Study on Ca Supplementation and Dietary Intake During Pregnancy on Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age. Public Health Nutrition. 2020(1);1–10.
10. Chen J, Xin T, Gaoshan J, Li Q, Zou K, Tan S, et al. The Association Between Work Related Factors and Breastfeeding Practices Among Chinese Working Mothers: A Mixed-Method Approach. International Breastfeeding Journal. [Internet]. 2019;14(1):28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0223-z.
11. Horwood C, Surie A, Haskins L, Luthuli S, Hinton R, Chowdhury A, et al. Attitudes and Perceptions About Breastfeeding Among Female and Male Informal Workers in India and South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–12.
12. Gebrekidan K, Plummer V, Fooladi E, Hall H. Attitudes and Experiences of Employed Women When Combining Exclusive Breastfeeding and Work: A Qualitative Study Among Office Workers in Northern Ethiopia. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2021; 14(4):13190.
13. Russell S, Smith D, Birtel M, Hart K, Golding S. The Role of Emotions and Injunctive Norms in Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Health Psychology Review. 2022; 16(2): 257-279.
14. Hutabarat SMD, Dalimunthe SNIS. Pengaturan Penyediaan Ruang ASI Bagi Pekerja Perempuan pada Perusahaan. ADIL: Jurnal Hukum. 2017;8(2):210–229.
15. Mahdang PA, Ahmad ZF. Pengaruh Sikap, Pengetahuan, dan Fasilitas Perusahaan terhadap Pemberian ASI Ekslusif oleh Pekerja Wanita. Madu Jurnal Kesehatan. 2021;10(2):26–33.
16. Wijaya PS, Soesanto SS. Kajian Implementasi Kebijakan Ruang Laktasi di Sektor Pemerintah dan Swasta. Unnes Journal of Public Health. 2017;6(3):196-202.
17. Hardi MW, Yuliana T, Purbasari AAD. Faktor–Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pemanfaatan Ruang Laktasi pada Ibu Menyusui yang Bekerja di Kementerian Keuangan. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat STIKES Cendekia Utama Kudus. 2019;7(1):129–143.
18. DeMaria AL, Wierenga M, Kelly K, Smith S, Bohning A, Bauman T, et al. Ecological Factors Affecting Infant at Work Policies and Programs in University Settings. Journal of Occupational Health. 2021;63(1):1–12.
19. Rapingah S, Muhani N, Besral, Yuniar P. Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices of Female Healthcare Workers in Jakarta, Indonesia. Kesmas. 2021;16(1):59–65.
20. Abekah-Nkrumah G, Antwi MY, Nkrumah J, Gbagbo FY. Examining Working Mothers’ Experience of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Ghana. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2020;15(56):1-10.
21. Mudaharimbi EP. Efikasi Diri Ibu Primigravida yang Bekerja dalam Keberhasilan Memberikan ASI. Jurnal Promkes : The Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Health Education. 2021;9(1):27–34.
22. Kemenkes RI. Surat Menteri Kesehatan No. 872/Menkes/XI/2006 Mengenai Kriteria dan Fasilitas Ruang Menyusu. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2006.
23. Rachmawati A, Werdani KE, Kusumawati Y. Persepsi Ibu Pekerja Terhadap Pentingnya Ketersediaan Pojok Laktasi di Lingkungan Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. [Thesis]. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; 2016. Available from: http://eprints.ums.ac.id/46840/.
24. Edemba PW, Irimu G, Musoke R. Knowledge Attitudes and Practice of Breastmilk Expression and Storage Among Working Mothers With Infants Under Six Months of Age in Kenya. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2022;17(33):1-8.
25. Radzyminski S, Callister LC. Mother’s Beliefs, Attitudes, and Decision Making Related to Infant Feeding Choices. The Journal of Perinatal Education. 2016;25(1):18–28.
26. Tsai S-Y. Shift-Work and Breastfeeding For Women Returning to Work in A Manufacturing Workplace in Taiwan. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2022;17(27):1-9.
27. Susiloningtyas I, Ratnawati D. Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemanfaatan Ruang Laktasi di Puskesmas Gunung Pati Semarang. Jurnal Kebidanan. 2017;9(01): 59-67.
28. Gavine A, MacGillivray S, Renfrew MJ, Siebelt L, Haggi H, McFadden A. Education and Training of Healthcare Staff in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills Needed to Work Effectively with Breastfeeding Women: a Systematic Review.nInternational Breastfeeding Journal. 2017;12(6): 1-10.
29. Dun-Dery EJ, Laar AK. Exclusive Breastfeeding Among City-Dwelling Professional Working Mothers in Ghana. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2016;11(23):1-9.
30. Haryono R, Setianingsih S. Manfaat ASI Eksklusif untuk Buah Hati Anda. Yogyakarta: Gosyen Publising; 2014.
31. Huang P, Ren J, Liu Y, Luo B, Zhao X. Factors Affecting Breastfeeding Adherence among Chinese Mothers: A Multicenter Study. Medicine. 2017;96(38):1-6.
32. Basrowi RW, Sastroasmoro S, Sulistomo AW, Bardosono S, Hendarto A, Soemarko DS, et al. Challenges and Supports of Breastfeeding at Workplace in Indonesia. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition. 2018;21(4):248–256.
33. Kemenkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 15 Tahun 2013 Tentang Cara Penyediaan Fasilitas Khusus Menyusui dan atau Memerah ASI. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2013.
34. Umugwaneza M, Havemann-Nel L, Vorster HH, Wentzel-Viljoen E. Factors Influencing Complementary Feeding Practices in Rural and Semi-Urban Rwanda: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2021;10(45):1-8.
35. Al-Katufi BA, Al-Shikh MH, Al-Hamad RF, Al-Hajri A, Al-Hejji A. Barriers in Continuing Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Working Mothers in Primary Health Care in The Ministry of Health in Al-Ahsa Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal Family Medicine and Primary Care.2020;9(2): 957-972.
36. Pereira-Kotze C, Jeffery B, Badham J, Swart EC, du Plessis L, Goga A, et al. Conflicts of Interest are Harming Maternal and Child Health: Time For Scientific Journals to End Relationships with Manufacturers of Breast-Milk Substitutes. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7(2):008002.
37. Hernández-Cordero S, Vilar-Compte M, Castañeda-Márquez AC, Rollins N, Kingston G, Pérez-Escamilla R. Exposure To Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in Mexican Women: Sources And Scope. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2022;17(16):1-11.
38. Temple Newhook J, Newhook LA, Midodzi WK, Murphy Goodridge J, Burrage L, Gill N, et al. Determinants of Nonmedically Indicated In-Hospital Supplementation of Infants Whose Birthing Parents Intended to Exclusively Breastfeed. Journal of Human Lactation. [Internet]. 2017;33(2):278–284. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0890334417695204.
39. Suryani D, Simbolon D, Elly N, Pratiwi BA, Yandrizal Y. Determinants Failure of Exclusive Breast Feeding on Health in the City Bengkulu. Kemas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2017;12(2):304–312.
40. Widyastutik O, Trisnawati E. Determinan Kegagalan ASI Eksklusif pada Komunitas Madura. Jurnal IKESMA. 2018;14(2):12134.
2. Olufunlayo TF, Roberts AA, MacArthur C, Thomas N, Odeyemi KA, Price M, et al. Improving Exclusive Breastfeeding in Low And Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 20195(3):12788.
3. Rollins NC, Bhandari N, Hajeebhoy N, Horton S, Lutter CK, Martines JC, et al. Why Invest, and What It Will Take to Improve Breastfeeding Practices?. The Lancet [Internet]. 2016;387(10017):491–504. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01044-2.
4. World Health Organization. World Breastfeeding Week: UNICEF and WHO Call on Government and Stakeholders to Support All Breastfeeding Mothers in Indonesia During COVID-19 Pandemic [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 Available from:https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/detail/03-08-2020-pekan-menyusui-dunia-unicef-dan-who-menyerukan-pemerintah-dan-pemangku-kepentingan-agar-mendukung-semua-ibu-menyusui-di-indonesia-selama-covid-19.
5. Kemenkes RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2018.
6. Febrianingtyas Y, Februhartanty J, Hadihardjono DN. Workplace Support and Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice: A Qualitative Study in Jakarta, Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition. 2019;25(1):129–142.
7. Thomas CL, Murphy LD, Mills MJ, Zhang J, Fisher GG, Clancy RL. Employee Lactation: A Review and Recommendations For Research, Practice, and Policy. Human Resource Management Review. [Internet]. 2021;100848. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053482221000279.
8. Mcfadden A, Siebelt L, Marshall J, Gavine A, Girard L-C, Symon A, et al. Counselling Interventions to Enable Women to Initiate and Continue Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2019;14(42):1-19.
9. Dai W, Deng X, Li L, Qiu J, Mao B, Shao Y, et al. An Observational Study on Ca Supplementation and Dietary Intake During Pregnancy on Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age. Public Health Nutrition. 2020(1);1–10.
10. Chen J, Xin T, Gaoshan J, Li Q, Zou K, Tan S, et al. The Association Between Work Related Factors and Breastfeeding Practices Among Chinese Working Mothers: A Mixed-Method Approach. International Breastfeeding Journal. [Internet]. 2019;14(1):28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0223-z.
11. Horwood C, Surie A, Haskins L, Luthuli S, Hinton R, Chowdhury A, et al. Attitudes and Perceptions About Breastfeeding Among Female and Male Informal Workers in India and South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–12.
12. Gebrekidan K, Plummer V, Fooladi E, Hall H. Attitudes and Experiences of Employed Women When Combining Exclusive Breastfeeding and Work: A Qualitative Study Among Office Workers in Northern Ethiopia. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2021; 14(4):13190.
13. Russell S, Smith D, Birtel M, Hart K, Golding S. The Role of Emotions and Injunctive Norms in Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Health Psychology Review. 2022; 16(2): 257-279.
14. Hutabarat SMD, Dalimunthe SNIS. Pengaturan Penyediaan Ruang ASI Bagi Pekerja Perempuan pada Perusahaan. ADIL: Jurnal Hukum. 2017;8(2):210–229.
15. Mahdang PA, Ahmad ZF. Pengaruh Sikap, Pengetahuan, dan Fasilitas Perusahaan terhadap Pemberian ASI Ekslusif oleh Pekerja Wanita. Madu Jurnal Kesehatan. 2021;10(2):26–33.
16. Wijaya PS, Soesanto SS. Kajian Implementasi Kebijakan Ruang Laktasi di Sektor Pemerintah dan Swasta. Unnes Journal of Public Health. 2017;6(3):196-202.
17. Hardi MW, Yuliana T, Purbasari AAD. Faktor–Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pemanfaatan Ruang Laktasi pada Ibu Menyusui yang Bekerja di Kementerian Keuangan. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat STIKES Cendekia Utama Kudus. 2019;7(1):129–143.
18. DeMaria AL, Wierenga M, Kelly K, Smith S, Bohning A, Bauman T, et al. Ecological Factors Affecting Infant at Work Policies and Programs in University Settings. Journal of Occupational Health. 2021;63(1):1–12.
19. Rapingah S, Muhani N, Besral, Yuniar P. Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices of Female Healthcare Workers in Jakarta, Indonesia. Kesmas. 2021;16(1):59–65.
20. Abekah-Nkrumah G, Antwi MY, Nkrumah J, Gbagbo FY. Examining Working Mothers’ Experience of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Ghana. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2020;15(56):1-10.
21. Mudaharimbi EP. Efikasi Diri Ibu Primigravida yang Bekerja dalam Keberhasilan Memberikan ASI. Jurnal Promkes : The Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Health Education. 2021;9(1):27–34.
22. Kemenkes RI. Surat Menteri Kesehatan No. 872/Menkes/XI/2006 Mengenai Kriteria dan Fasilitas Ruang Menyusu. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2006.
23. Rachmawati A, Werdani KE, Kusumawati Y. Persepsi Ibu Pekerja Terhadap Pentingnya Ketersediaan Pojok Laktasi di Lingkungan Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. [Thesis]. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta; 2016. Available from: http://eprints.ums.ac.id/46840/.
24. Edemba PW, Irimu G, Musoke R. Knowledge Attitudes and Practice of Breastmilk Expression and Storage Among Working Mothers With Infants Under Six Months of Age in Kenya. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2022;17(33):1-8.
25. Radzyminski S, Callister LC. Mother’s Beliefs, Attitudes, and Decision Making Related to Infant Feeding Choices. The Journal of Perinatal Education. 2016;25(1):18–28.
26. Tsai S-Y. Shift-Work and Breastfeeding For Women Returning to Work in A Manufacturing Workplace in Taiwan. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2022;17(27):1-9.
27. Susiloningtyas I, Ratnawati D. Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemanfaatan Ruang Laktasi di Puskesmas Gunung Pati Semarang. Jurnal Kebidanan. 2017;9(01): 59-67.
28. Gavine A, MacGillivray S, Renfrew MJ, Siebelt L, Haggi H, McFadden A. Education and Training of Healthcare Staff in the Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills Needed to Work Effectively with Breastfeeding Women: a Systematic Review.nInternational Breastfeeding Journal. 2017;12(6): 1-10.
29. Dun-Dery EJ, Laar AK. Exclusive Breastfeeding Among City-Dwelling Professional Working Mothers in Ghana. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2016;11(23):1-9.
30. Haryono R, Setianingsih S. Manfaat ASI Eksklusif untuk Buah Hati Anda. Yogyakarta: Gosyen Publising; 2014.
31. Huang P, Ren J, Liu Y, Luo B, Zhao X. Factors Affecting Breastfeeding Adherence among Chinese Mothers: A Multicenter Study. Medicine. 2017;96(38):1-6.
32. Basrowi RW, Sastroasmoro S, Sulistomo AW, Bardosono S, Hendarto A, Soemarko DS, et al. Challenges and Supports of Breastfeeding at Workplace in Indonesia. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition. 2018;21(4):248–256.
33. Kemenkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 15 Tahun 2013 Tentang Cara Penyediaan Fasilitas Khusus Menyusui dan atau Memerah ASI. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2013.
34. Umugwaneza M, Havemann-Nel L, Vorster HH, Wentzel-Viljoen E. Factors Influencing Complementary Feeding Practices in Rural and Semi-Urban Rwanda: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Nutritional Science. 2021;10(45):1-8.
35. Al-Katufi BA, Al-Shikh MH, Al-Hamad RF, Al-Hajri A, Al-Hejji A. Barriers in Continuing Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Working Mothers in Primary Health Care in The Ministry of Health in Al-Ahsa Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal Family Medicine and Primary Care.2020;9(2): 957-972.
36. Pereira-Kotze C, Jeffery B, Badham J, Swart EC, du Plessis L, Goga A, et al. Conflicts of Interest are Harming Maternal and Child Health: Time For Scientific Journals to End Relationships with Manufacturers of Breast-Milk Substitutes. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7(2):008002.
37. Hernández-Cordero S, Vilar-Compte M, Castañeda-Márquez AC, Rollins N, Kingston G, Pérez-Escamilla R. Exposure To Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in Mexican Women: Sources And Scope. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2022;17(16):1-11.
38. Temple Newhook J, Newhook LA, Midodzi WK, Murphy Goodridge J, Burrage L, Gill N, et al. Determinants of Nonmedically Indicated In-Hospital Supplementation of Infants Whose Birthing Parents Intended to Exclusively Breastfeed. Journal of Human Lactation. [Internet]. 2017;33(2):278–284. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0890334417695204.
39. Suryani D, Simbolon D, Elly N, Pratiwi BA, Yandrizal Y. Determinants Failure of Exclusive Breast Feeding on Health in the City Bengkulu. Kemas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2017;12(2):304–312.
40. Widyastutik O, Trisnawati E. Determinan Kegagalan ASI Eksklusif pada Komunitas Madura. Jurnal IKESMA. 2018;14(2):12134.
Authors
Ningsih, Y. S., Ginting, C. N. ., Nasution, S. L. R., Silaen, M., & Manalu, P. (2022). The Utilization of Lactation Rooms by Health Workers in Medan City. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 18(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v18i1.18770
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.