Homemade Cloth Face Masks Identification in Indonesia
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Indonesian government have advised the use of cloth face masks by medical and non-medical personnel to prevent Covid-19 transmission. However, many people find it difficult to wear these masks when doing various activities outside their home. The cloth face masks used in Indonesian communities vary significantly in models, materials, and number of layers with a significant number providing discomfort to people. Therefore, this research aims to identify the factors that influence the comfort of cloth face mask model circulating in the public. Phenomenological research design through completed participant observation and open-ended interview with seven lecturers and three education personnel were used to obtain more in-depth data. The results showed that despite the availability of various models in circulation, none were comfortable to use while talking and breathing. On the other hand, their straps use a lot of materials causing pain in the earlobe. Therefore, people prefer irrespective disposable masks of their ability to pollute the environment when not properly disposed. In conclusion, it is necessary to have a homemade cloth face mask that provides comfort to people.
References
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34. Kemmelmeier M, Jami WA. Mask Wearing as Cultural Behavior: An Investigation Across 45 U.S. States During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychology. 2021:21(12):1-24.
35. Wang C, Chudzicka-Czupała A, Grabowski D, Pan R, Adamus K, Wan X, et al. The Association Between Physical and Mental Health and Face Mask Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Two Countries with Different Views and Practices. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:1-13.
2. Djalante R, Lassa J, Setiamarga D, et al. Review and Analysis of Current Responses to COVID-19 In Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science. 2020;6:1-9.
3. Kusumasari Afiliasi Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi YKPN Yogyakarta L. The Perception on Indonesia Policies to Overcome the Impact of Corona Virus Outbreak. Wahana: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi. 2021;24(2):147-162.
4. Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowl-ing BJ. Rational Use of Face Masks in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):434-436.
5. Sikakulya FK, Ssebuufu R, Mambo SB, et al. Use of Face Masks to Limit the Spread of the COVID-19 among Western Ugandans: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):1-13.
6. Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, et al. To Mask or not to Mask: Modeling the Potential for Face Mask Use by the General Public to Curtail the COVID-19 Pandemic. Infectious Disease Modelling. 2020;5:293-308.
7. Asadi S, Cappa CD, Barreda S, Wexler AS, Bouvier NM, Ristenpart WD. Efficacy of Masks and Face Coverings in Controlling Outward Aerosol Particle Emission from Expiratory Activities. Scientific Reports. 2020;10.
8. Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowl-ing BJ. Rational Use of Face Masks in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):434-436.
9. Long KD, Woodburn E V., Berg IC, Chen V, Scott WS. Measurement of filtration Efficiencies of Healthcare and Consumer Materials Using Modified Respirator Fit Tester Setup. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):1-13
10. Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano. 2020;14(5):6339-6347.
11. Kähler CJ, Hain R. Fundamental Protective Mechanisms of Face Masks Against Droplet Infections. Journal of Aerosol Science. 2020;148:1-11.
12. Clase CM, Fu EL, Joseph M, Beale RCL, Dolo-vich MB, Jardine M, Mann JFE, Pecoits-Filho R, Winkelmayer WC, Carrero JJ. Cloth Masks May Prevent Transmission of COVID-19: An Evidence-Based, Risk-Based Approach. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;173(6):489-491.
13. Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, et al. To mask or Not to Mask: Modeling the Poten-tial for Face Mask Use by the General Public to Curtail the COVID-19 Pandemic. Infectious Disease Modelling. 2020;5:293-308.
14. Santos-Silva PR, Greve JMD, Pedrinelli A. During the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic, Does Wearing a Mask Improve or Worsen Physical Performance? Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2020;26(4):281-284.
15. Abrar, Yim D, Khuntia J. Citizens’ Adherence to COVID-19 Mitigation Recommendations by the Government: A 3-Country Comparative Evaluation Using Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey Data. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(8):1-11.
16. Stadnytskyi V, Anfinrud P, Bax A. Breathing, Speaking, Coughing or Sneezing: What Drives Transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Journal of Internal Medicine. 2021;290(5):1010–1027.
17. Clapp PW, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Samet JM, et al. Evaluation of Cloth Masks and Modified Procedure Masks as Personal Protective Equipment for the Public During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Internal Medicice. 2021;181(4):463-469.
18. Chao F-L. Face Mask Designs Following Novel Coronavirus. Journal of Public Health Research. 2020;9(1):31-35.
19. Coates WC, Jordan J, Clarke SO. A Practical Guide for Conducting Qualitative Research in Medical Education: Part 2-Coding and Thematic Analysis. AEM Education and Training, 2021;5(4):e10645.
20. Noble H, Smith J. Issues of Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research. Evidence-Based Nursing. 2015;18(2):34-35.
21. Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing Face Masks in the Community During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Altruism and Solidarity. Lancet. 2020;399:39-40.
22. Saputra R. The Use of Fabric Masks in Prevention of Community Transmission of COVID-19. Jurnal Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia. 2020;8(2):168-175.
23. Rowan NJ, Moral RA. Disposable Face Masks and Reusable Face Coverings as Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Prevent Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Variants that Cause Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Role of New Sustainable NPI Design Innovations and Predictive Mathematical Model-ling. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;772:1-18.
24. MacIntyre CR, Seale H, Dung TC, Hien NT, Nga PT, Chughtai AA, Rahman B, Dwyer DE, Wang Q. A Cluster Randomised Trial of Cloth Masks Compared with Medical Masks in Healthcare Workers. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):1-10.
25. Cleland JGF, Clark RA, Pellicori P, Inglis SC. Caring for People with Heart Failure and Many Other Medical Problems Through and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Advantages of Universal Access to Home Telemonitoring. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2020;22(6):995-998.
26. Yudhastuti R. The Use of Masks During the Pandemic Period in Indonesian People. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional. (National Public Health Journal). 2020; Special Issue Volume 1:32-36.
27. Wang D, Sun BC, Wang JX, et al. Can Masks Be Reused After Hot Water Decontamination During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Engineering. 2020;6(10):1115-1121.
28. Howard J, Huang A, Li Z, et al. Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review. Preprint. 2020:1-8.
29. MH C, W C, SS G, et al. Face Masks in the New COVID-19 Normal: Materials, Testing, and Perspectives. Res (Washington, DC). 2020;2020:1-40.
30. Rizki SA, Kurniawan A. Efficacy of Cloth Mask in Reducing COVID-19 Transmission: A Literature Review. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal). 2020; Special Issue Volume 1:43-48.
31. Bae S, Kim MC, Kim JY, Cha HH, Lim JS, Jung J, Kim MJ, Oh DK, Lee MK, Choi SH, Sung M, Hong SB, Chung JW, Kim SH. Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS-CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;173(1):22–23.
32. Wang Y, Deng Z, Shi D. How Effective is a Mask in Preventing COVID-19 Infection? Medical Devices & Sensors. 2021;4(1):1-12.
33. Somers M. How Cultural Psychology Influences Mask-Wearing. MIT Management Sloan School; 2021. Available from: https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/how-cultural-psychology-influences-mask-wearing.
34. Kemmelmeier M, Jami WA. Mask Wearing as Cultural Behavior: An Investigation Across 45 U.S. States During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychology. 2021:21(12):1-24.
35. Wang C, Chudzicka-Czupała A, Grabowski D, Pan R, Adamus K, Wan X, et al. The Association Between Physical and Mental Health and Face Mask Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Two Countries with Different Views and Practices. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:1-13.
Authors
Zahro, S., & Mustikasari, H. . (2022). Homemade Cloth Face Masks Identification in Indonesia. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 18(2), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v18i2.18618
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